Project Proposal for Cms

Project Proposal for Contact Management System Login Screen for the application Looks like this [pic] On a network,  access to databases is dependent upon the number of Users with User ID's and protected passwords. With the MULTI-USER DATABASE, design data is no longer scattered across the hard disks and laptops of every engineer. It cannot be misplaced, lost or corrupted. In short, design data can be secured and managed like a valuable corporate asset. Contacts biographical information can be stored using this screens like this by quick pick popup selections for example : [pic] [pic] Multiple Data entry option: While you are modifying a contact record, other users on the network will not be able to make changes while you are in the process of changing the record. This means that you have the record locked. Once you save your changes then the record is unlocked and others can make changes again. Mail-merge features: [pic] If you elect to do so, you may choose from one of the Email templates available by choosing the Template key. or you should type the email message to be sent. The mailing addresses are used when creating letters, envelopes, and mailing labels. The address formats area can be customized to appear the way you wish. You must have Supervisor status to set up these options. These options are extremely important, as they affect all databases and all users and anything that uses the mailing address mail merge code {{MailAddr}}. Setting a default address format will enable you to have consistent mailing addresses among contacts. Label printing :[pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] Data import and export options: Importing is the process of bringing contact records into a database from an existing electronic file. This file can be from a specialized purchased mailing list, a CD ROM collection, a company database,   and many other sources. The file to import must be in ASCII (comma delimited or one field per line), dBase, or Paradox format. [pic] Exporting is the process of copying contact data into a file that can be used in another application. Information is exported to one of the following file formats: ASCII comma delimited, ASCII tab delimited,   Dbase, and   WordPerfect Secondary mail merge format. When export files are created they contain only biographical fields and user fields, such as numeric, money, date fields, the categories, and the fields on the summary tab such as who last changed a record. An export file does not contain contact notes, history, or events. To export this type of information to be able to use on another computer with Contact [pic] [pic] Various reports with selection criteria and sort sequence: [pic] The Design Button in the following screen will lets you go to the report editor and allow you to arrange the fields according to the preferences. generated reports [pic] Generated reports are like : [pic] [pic] Database Design was done Using PARADOX tables in Delphi. The Screen shots are done using Delphi6. [pic] [pic]

Introduction to Astronomy

AST 101- Introduction to Astronomy Final Exam (12/21/2007) Instructions A. B. Answer ALL questions on your Opscan, using a #2 pencil. Make sure to include your NAME and STUDENT ID. The computer identifies you by your student ID; do not forget to include it. C. D. E. Do NOT mark your date of birth. The exam is CLOSED BOOK. You should not use any books or notes. Time: 2 HOURS and 30 MINUTES. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) What is the ultimate fate of an isolated pulsar? A) As gravity overwhelms the neutron degeneracy pressure, it will explode as a supernova. B) It will spin ever faster, becoming a millisecond pulsar. C) The neutron degeneracy pressure will eventually overwhelm gravity and the pulsar will slowly evaporate. D) As gravity overwhelms the neutron degeneracy pressure, it will become a white dwarf. E) It will slow down, the magnetic field will weaken, and it will become invisible. 2) Which of the following statements about globular clusters is false? A) Globular cluster stars are very metal-poor relative to the Sun. B) Globular cluster stars are more than 12 billion years old. C) Globular clusters are distributed spherically around the Milky Way. D) Globular clusters contain many thousands of stars. E) Globular cluster ages increase with distance from the Milky Way. 3) Which of the following characteristics of stars has the greatest range in values? A) mass B) core temperature C) radius D) surface temperature E) luminosity 4) Which statement best describes the solar neutrino problem? A) Solar neutrinos have been detected, but in fewer numbers than predicted by theoretical models. B) No one understands how it can be possible for neutrinos to be produced in the Sun. C) Our current understanding of fusion in the Sun suggests that all neutrinos should be destroyed before they arrive at the earth, yet neutrinos are being detected. D) Theoretical models predict that neutrinos should be produced in the Sun, but no neutrinos have ever been observed to be coming from the Sun. 1 AST 101- Introduction to Astronomy Refer to this scenario for the following questions: Final Lost in Spacetime. Just when you thought it was safe to take final exams . . . vindictive multi-dimensional being reaches down (up? over? through? ) to Earth and pulls you out of the universe. You are thrown back into the universe at a place of this being's choosing, and she permits you to leave only after you have identified your surroundings. You are subject to several of these tests. Through a scientifically unexplainable miracle, you are able to survive in every one of the places you are tested. (Le st you become too comfortable, however, you certainly are able to feel any associated pain due to high temperature, pressure, gravity, etc. In each case described below, identify your surroundings. In some cases, the surroundings described may exist only during eras of the universe (past or future) other than our own time; in those cases, you should identify both the place and the time where you are located. 5) It sure is bright everywhere; you've been able to travel around a bit, and it's clear that you are not in a star. Yet it is as bright as looking directly at the Sun. In your extensive travels through your current surroundings, you cannot find a single neutral atom anywhere, nor can you find a nucleus besides hydrogen or helium. And, while it is hot (a few thousand degrees Kelvin), it is nowhere near the temperature needed for nuclear fusion. Where are you? A) You are in the central regions of a quasar. B) You are in the universe more than 10100 years in the future. C) You are in the universe during its first 300,000 years. D) You are in an accretion disk around a supermassive black hole. E) You are where the Sun should be located, but about 5 billion years from now. 6) At last you are in a place where the heat and high density are no longer bothering you. However, although the density is very low, the gas around you is extremely high in temperature. In fact, the temperature is so high that it is emitting lots of X rays, which are creating cancer-causing mutations in your body at a rapid rate. Well, at least the view is great! There are no stars anywhere within about 10,000 light-years of you, but at slightly greater distances your sky is brightened by many beautiful, star-filled structures, some with majestic spiral shapes. Where are you? A) You are somewhere between the Andromeda and Milky Way galaxies in the Local Group. B) You are in intergalactic space within a rich cluster of thousands of galaxies. C) You are in the center of the Milky Way Galaxy, looking outward into the Local Group. D) You are in the outskirts of a galaxy whose nucleus is a powerful quasar. E) You are in the universe when it was about 200 million years old, just before galaxies began forming. 7) You are once again in a hot, dense place. You are surrounded by protons and neutrons, some rapidly fusing into helium. You notice that your surroundings are cooling (good, because it's really hot! ) and rapidly dropping in density. Within about 3 minutes, the fusion reactions stop. Where are you? A) You are in the center of a star much smaller than the Sun. B) You are inside a nuclear power plant on Earth. C) You are in the early universe during the era of nucleosynthesis. D) You are in the center of a massive star near the end of its life. E) You are in the center of a star very much like our Sun. 2 AST 101- Introduction to Astronomy Final 8) Talk about cold, dark, and empty! As far as you look around you, there seems to be nothing at all. Even the nearest electron is light-years away. And, no matter how far you travel, you can find no solid matter, not even a single proton. You do, however, detect a few strong gravitational fields—probably due to black holes—at enormous distances away from you. Where are you? A) You are where the Sun should be located, but about 5 billion years from now. B) You are in the central regions of a quasar. C) You are in the outskirts of a young cluster of galaxies. D) You are in the universe when it is over about 1040 years old. 9) The light radiated from the Sun's surface reaches Earth in about 8 minutes, but the energy of that light was released by fusion in the solar core about A) a thousand years ago. B) a hundred years ago. C) ten years ago. D) one year ago. E) a million years ago. 10) From lowest energy to highest energy, which of the following correctly orders the different categories of electromagnetic radiation? A) gamma rays, X rays, visible light, ultraviolet, infrared, radio B) visible light, infrared, X rays, ultraviolet, gamma rays, radio C) radio, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X rays, gamma rays D) infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X rays, gamma rays, radio E) radio, X rays, visible light, ultraviolet, infrared, gamma rays 11) What is a possible solution to the solar neutrino problem? A) Not all fusion reactions create electron neutrinos. B) The Sun is generating much less energy than we think it is. C) The Sun is generating energy other than by nuclear fusion. D) The electron neutrinos created in the Sun change into another type of neutrino. E) We do not know how to detect electron neutrinos. 12) Newton's second law of motion tells us that the net force applied to an object equals its A) momentum times velocity. B) mass times velocity. C) energy times acceleration. D) mass times energy. E) mass times acceleration. 13) What happens when the gravity of a massive star is able to overcome neutron degeneracy pressure? A) The star explodes violently, leaving nothing behind. B) The core contracts and becomes a black hole. C) The core contracts and becomes a white dwarf. D) The core contracts and becomes a ball of neutrons. E) Gravity is not able to overcome neutron degeneracy pressure. 3 AST 101- Introduction to Astronomy 14) Radiative energy is A) heat energy. B) energy used in home radiators. C) energy of motion. D) energy from nuclear power plants. E) energy carried by light. 15) Most large galaxies in the universe are A) lenticular. B) irregular. 16) Compared to spiral galaxies, elliptical galaxies are A) redder and rounder. B) bluer and rounder. C) bluer and flattened. D) redder and flattened. E) always much smaller. 17) Approximately how long does it take the Sun to orbit the Milky Way Galaxy? A) 23,000 years B) 23 billion years C) 230,000 years D) 2. 3 million years E) 230 million years 18) Approximately how many stars does a dwarf elliptical galaxy have? A) less than a billion B) 10 billion C) 100 billion D) 1 trillion E) less than a million Final C) spiral. D) elliptical. 19) What is the ultimate fate of an isolated white dwarf? A) As gravity overwhelms the electron degeneracy pressure, it will explode as a supernova. B) The electron degeneracy pressure will eventually overwhelm gravity and the white dwarf will slowly evaporate. C) As gravity overwhelms the electron degeneracy pressure, it will become a neutron star. D) As gravity overwhelms the electron degeneracy pressure, it will explode as a nova. E) It will cool down and become a cold black dwarf. 20) What evidence supports the theory that elliptical galaxies come from denser clouds? A) Elliptical galaxies have denser stars than spiral galaxies. B) Elliptical galaxies at high redshifts lack young, blue stars. C) Elliptical galaxies have more gas than spiral galaxies. D) Elliptical galaxies are generally larger than spiral galaxies. E) Elliptical galaxies are denser than spiral galaxies. 21) Which of the following types of galaxies are most spherical in shape? A) lenticulars B) spirals C) irregulars D) ellipticals 4 AST 101- Introduction to Astronomy 22) Roughly how many stars are in the Milky Way Galaxy? A) 1 billion B) 100 trillion C) 100 million 23) White dwarfs are so called because A) it amplifies the contrast with red giants. B) they are both very hot and very small. C) they are supported by electron degeneracy pressure. D) they are the end-products of small, low-mass stars. E) they are the opposite of black holes. 24) Which of the following is evidence for supermassive black holes in active galaxies? A) quasars emit approximately equal power at all wavelengths from infrared to gamma rays B) rapid changes in the luminosity of the galaxy nucleus C) very high speed orbital motions around galactic nuclei D) the discovery of powerful jets coming from a compact core E) all of the above 25) What happens to the surface temperature and luminosity when a protostar radiatively contracts? A) Its surface temperature remains the same and its luminosity decreases. B) Its surface temperature and luminosity remain the same. C) Its surface temperature decreases and its luminosity increases. D) Its surface temperature and luminosity decrease. E) Its surface temperature and luminosity increase. D) 100 billion Final E) 10 billion An advanced civilization lives on a planet orbiting a close binary star system that consists of a 15MSun red giant and a 10MSun black hole. Assume that the two stars are quite close together, so that an accretion disk surrounds the black hole. The planet on which the civilization lives orbits the binary star at a distance of 10 AU. 26) Sometime within the next million years or so, their planet is likely to be doomed because A) jets of material shot out of the accretion disk will shoot down their planet. B) tidal forces from the black hole will rip the planet apart. C) the red giant will probably undergo a supernova explosion within the next million years. D) their planet receives most of its energy from the red giant. However, this star will soon be completely devoured in the accretion disk and thus will no longer exist. E) the planet's orbit gradually will decay as it is sucked in by the black hole. 27) Through a bizarre (and scientifically unexplainable) fluctuation in the spacetime continuum, a copy of a book titled Iguoonos: How We Evolved appears on your desk. As you begin to read, you learn that the book describes the evolution of the people living in the star system described above. In the first chapter, you learn that these people evolved from organisms that lived 5 billion years ago. Which of the following statements should you expect to find as you continue to read this book? A) As a result of traumatic experiences of their evolutionary ancestors, they dislike television. B) They believe that the presence of two stars in their system was critical to their evolution. C) Their immediate ancestors were chimpanzees. D) They evolved from primitive wormlike creatures that had 13 legs, 4 eyes, and bald heads, thus explaining why such critters are now considered a spectacular delicacy. E) They evolved on a different planet in a different star system and moved to their current location. 5 AST 101- Introduction to Astronomy Final The following questions refer to the H-R diagram below that shows the life track of a 1-solar-mass star, with various stages labeled with Roman numerals. Figure 17. 1 28) Which stage lasts the longest? A) viii B) i C) iv D) iii E) vi 29) In the end, the remaining core of this star will be left behind as A) a supernova. B) a white dwarf made primarily of carbon and oxygen. C) a white dwarf made primarily of silicon and iron. D) a neutron star. E) a black hole. 30) What is the Sun mainly made of? A) hydrogen and oxygen B) oxygen and carbon C) hydrogen and helium D) carbon and nitrogen E) nearly equal portions of all the elements 31) Which of the following comprise the oldest members of the Milky Way? A) red giant stars in spiral arms B) globular clusters C) Cepheid variables D) the Sun and other solar mass stars E) O stars 32) The wavelength of a wave is A) equal to the speed of the wave times the wave's frequency. B) the distance between a peak of the wave and the next trough. C) the distance between two adjacent peaks of the wave. D) how strong the wave is. E) the distance between where the wave is emitted and where it is absorbed. 33) What is the name given to 2H? A) deuterium B) helium C) hydrogen D) tritium 6 AST 101- Introduction to Astronomy 34) Approximately how fast are you moving with the rotation of the earth around its axis? A) 130 km/hr B) 1,300 km/hr C) 13,000 km/hr D) 13 km/hr Final 35) What do astronomers mean by light pollution? A) Light pollution refers to pollution caused by light industry as opposed to heavy industry. B) Light pollution refers to light used for human activities that brightens the sky and hinders astronomical observations. C) Light pollution refers to harmful gases emitted by common street lights. D) Light pollution is another name for sunlight, which makes it impossible to see stars in the daytime. E) Light pollution refers to the lights that must be used inside major observatories and that make it difficult for astronomers' eyes to adapt to darkness. 36) What evidence supports the galactic fountain model? A) We see a jet of ionized gas shooting out of the bulge of our galaxy. B) We have mapped several spiral arms of the Milky Way Galaxy. C) We have observed a lot of water molecules in the interstellar medium. D) We see hot gas above the disk of the galaxy and cool gas that appears to be raining down from the halo. E) We have no evidence yet for the galactic fountain model. 37) How do we know what happens at the event horizon of a black hole? A) Astronomers have analyzed the light from matter within the event horizon of many black holes. B) Astronomers have detected X rays from accretion disks around black holes. C) Astronomers have sent spacecraft through the event horizon of a nearby black hole. D) Physicists have created miniature black holes in the lab. E) We don't know for sure: we only know what to expect based on the predictions of general relativity. 38) What is a central dominant galaxy? A) a giant spiral galaxy that exerts large tidal forces on other nearby galaxies B) a galaxy around which many other smaller galaxies orbit C) a hypothesized galaxy type that no longer exists but once dominated the structure of the universe D) a spiral galaxy from which many smaller galaxies form when it is stripped apart by tidal forces E) a giant elliptical galaxy at the center of a dense cluster 39) The study of energy levels in atoms is called A) particle physics. B) quantum mechanics. C) classical mechanics. D) general relativity. E) special relativity. 7 AST 101- Introduction to Astronomy Final 40) Why did the era of nuclei end when the universe was about 300,000 years old? A) All the free particles had combined to form the nuclei of atoms. B) Neutrinos and electrons were finally able to escape the plasma of the early universe and no longer heated the other particles. C) Photons were finally able to escape the plasma of the early universe and no longer heated the hydrogen and helium ions. D) The universe had expanded and cooled to a temperature of about 3,000 K, cool enough for stable, neutral atoms to form. E) No theory can explain this. 41) What causes the radio pulses of a pulsar? A) A black hole near the star absorbs energy and re-emits it as radio waves. B) The star vibrates. C) The star undergoes periodic explosions of nuclear fusion that generate radio emission. D) The star's orbiting companion periodically eclipses the radio waves emitted by the main pulsar. E) As the star spins, beams of radio radiation sweep through space. If one of the beams crosses the earth, we observe a pulse. 2) If we represent the Milky Way Galaxy as the size of a grapefruit (10-cm diameter), the distance to the Andromeda Galaxy would be about A) 3 m. B) 100 km. C) 1 km. D) 10 cm. E) 30 m. 43) About where is our solar system located within the Milky Way Galaxy? A) at the center of the galaxy B) about two-thirds of the way from the center of the galaxy to the outskirts of the galactic d isk C) about 10 percent of the way from the center of the galaxy to the outskirts of the galactic disk D) near the far outskirts of the galactic disk E) in the halo of the galaxy above the galactic disk 44) What is an astronomical unit? A) any basic unit used in astronomy B) the average speed of the earth around the Sun C) the diameter of the earth's orbit around the Sun D) the average distance from the earth to the Sun E) the length of time it takes the earth to revolve around the Sun 45) How did the Ptolemaic model explain the apparent retrograde motion of the planets? A) It varied the motion of the celestial sphere so that it sometimes moved backward. B) It held that the planets moved along small circles that moved on larger circles around the Sun. C) It held that the planets moved along small circles that moved on larger circles around the earth. D) It held that sometimes the planets moved backward along their circular orbits. E) It placed the Sun at the center so that the planets' apparent retrograde motion was seen as the earth passed each one in its orbit. 46) What is meant by spectral resolution? A) It is the same as angular resolution when applied to telescopes operating at different wavelengths. B) It is a measure of how close two point sources can be distinguished. C) It is a measure of how much energy an object emits in different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. D) It is a measure of how close two spectral lines can be distinguished. 8 AST 101- Introduction to Astronomy 47) The tides on Earth are an example of A) Newton's third law of motion. B) Newton's second law of motion. C) Newton's first law of motion. D) the universal law of gravitation. E) none of the above 48) What might be causing the universe to accelerate? A) WIMPs B) dark gravity C) we don't know! —it's a subject of continuing research D) MACHOs E) white-dwarf supernovae Final 49) White-dwarf supernovae are good standard candles for distance measurements for all the following reasons except which? A) All white-dwarf supernovae involve the explosion of stars of nearly the same mass. B) White-dwarf supernovae occur only among young and extremely bright stars. C) White-dwarf supernovae are common enough that we detect several every year. D) All white-dwarf supernovae have similar light curves, which makes them easy to distinguish from massive-star supernovae. E) White-dwarf supernovae are so bright that they can be detected even in very distant galaxies. 50) What do we mean by the singularity of a black hole? A) It is the center of the black hole, a place of infinite density where the known laws of physics cannot describe the conditions. B) An object can become a black hole only once, and a black hole cannot evolve into anything else. C) There are no binary black holes? each one is isolated. D) It is the â€Å"point of no return† of the black hole; anything closer than this point will not be able to escape the gravitational force of the black hole. E) It is the edge of the black hole, where one could leave the observable universe. 51) Which of the following is an example in which you are traveling at constant speed but not at constant velocity? A) driving around in a circle at exactly 100 km/hr B) rolling freely down a hill in a cart, traveling in a straight line C) jumping up and down, with a period of exactly 60 hops per minute D) driving backward at exactly 50 km/hr E) none of the above 52) What is a superbubble? A) the region of space cleared by a powerful supernova B) a very low-density region of interstellar space, formed by the merger of several bubbles C) a very high-density region of interstellar space, filled with gas ejected from nearby star systems D) a bubble so large that it fills much of the galactic halo E) a cloud of gas that can form a million or more stars AST 101- Introduction to Astronomy 53) No stars have been found with masses greater than 100 times our Sun because A) they would fragment into binary stars because of their rapid rotation. B) molecular clouds do not have enough material to form such massive stars. C) they would generate so much power that they would blow themselves apart. D) they are no t bright enough to be seen nearby. E) they shine exclusively at X-ray wavelengths and become difficult to detect. 54) All of the following are involved in carrying energy outward from a star's core except A) conduction. B) radiative diffusion. C) neutrinos. D) convection. 55) In what part of the electromagnetic spectrum do the biggest telescopes on Earth operate? A) ultraviolet B) radio C) infrared D) X-ray E) visible 56) Which is the strongest of the fundamental forces in the universe? A) weak force B) electromagnetic force C) strong force D) gravitational force E) none of the above 57) The path that led to modern science emerged from ancient civilizations in which part of the world? A) China B) North America C) Southern Asia D) the Mediterranean and the Middle East E) Central and South America Final 58) Most of the energy produced in the Sun is released in the form of visible light from the photosphere. However, some energy is released from the upper layers of the solar atmosphere. Which of the following best describes where other forms of light are released? A) The convection zone is the source of ultraviolet light, and the upper photosphere is the source of X rays. B) The chromosphere is the source of infrared light, and the corona is the source of ultraviolet light. C) The chromosphere is the source of X rays, and the corona is the source of radio waves. D) The chromosphere is the source of ultraviolet light, and the corona is the source of X rays. 59) How did Edwin Hubble measure the distance to the Andromeda Galaxy? A) He applied the period-luminosity relation to Cepheid variables. B) He used white dwarf supernovae. C) He deduced it from its redshift. D) He used main-sequence fitting. E) He measured its parallax. 10 AST 101- Introduction to Astronomy 60) Dr. Smith believes that the Hubble constant is H0 = 70 km/s/Mpc. Dr. Jones believes it is H0 = 50 Final km/s/Mpc. Which statement below automatically follows? A) Dr. Smith believes that the universe is younger than Dr. Jones believes. B) Dr. Smith believes that the Andromeda Galaxy (a member of our Local Group) is moving away from us at a faster speed than Dr. Jones believes. C) Dr. Smith believes that the universe is expanding, but Dr. Jones does not. D) Dr. Smith believes that the universe will someday stop expanding, while Dr. Jones believes it will expand forever. E) Dr. Smith believes that the universe is older than Dr. Jones believes. 61) What is an artificial star? A) a meteor B) the unseen member of a binary star system C) a satellite orbiting the earth D) a point of light in the earth's atmosphere created by a laser for the purpose of monitoring atmospheric fluctuations E) a possible source of dark matter in the universe 62) When we see X rays from an accretion disk in a binary system, we can't immediately tell whether the accretion disk surrounds a neutron star or a black hole. Suppose we then observe each of the following phenomena in this system. Which one would force us to immediately rule out the possibility of a black hole? A) bright X-ray emission that varies on a time scale of a few hours B) spectral lines from the companion star that alternately shift to shorter and longer wavelengths C) visible and ultraviolet light from the companion star D) sudden, intense X-ray bursts 63) On a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, where would we find white dwarfs? A) upper left B) lower right C) lower left D) upper right 64) On a cosmic calendar, in which the history of the universe is compressed into 1 year, when did Kepler and Galileo first discover that we live on a planet in a solar system? A) 1 second ago B) December 30 C) 1 week ago D) December 25 E) 1 day ago 65) Why does the Big Bang theory predict that the cosmic background radiation should have a perfect thermal radiation spectrum? A) It doesn't predict that the cosmic background radiation should have a perfect thermal radiation spectrum. B) The spectrum of 75 percent hydrogen and 25 percent helium is a perfect thermal radiation spectrum. C) The light from all the stars and gas in the sky averaged over the entire universe is a perfect thermal radiation spectrum. D) The spectrum of pure hydrogen is a perfect thermal radiation spectrum. E) The background radiation came from the heat of the universe, with a peak corresponding to the temperature of the universe. 11 AST 101- Introduction to Astronomy 66) If a material is transparent, then it A) scatters light well. B) emits light well. C) transmits light well. D) absorbs light well. E) reflects light well. 67) He discovered what we now call Newton's first law of motion. A) Ptolemy B) Galileo C) Tycho Brahe 68) Where was the Sun in Ptolemy's model of the universe? A) slightly offset from the center B) between the earth and the Moon's orbit C) at the outer edge, beyond Saturn's orbit D) between the orbits of Venus and Mars E) at the center Final D) Kepler E) Copernicus 69) Why do we expect the cosmic background radiation to be almost, but not quite, the same in all directions? A) The overall structure of the universe is very uniform, but the universe must have contained some regions of higher density in order for galaxies to form. B) The temperature of the universe can be found by taking an average over the entire sky, but individual stars will create peaks in the spectrum over small angles. C) The overall structure of the universe is very uniform, but the synthesis of different elements produces varying signatures within the background spectrum. D) The overall structure of the universe is very uniform, but intervening gas between us and the era of nuclei absorbs wavelengths depending on the composition and redshift of the gas. E) Dark matter consisting of WIMPs greatly smooths out the spectrum, but the small patches of â€Å"light† matter create peaks in the spectrum. 70) A star of spectral type O lives approximately how long on the main sequence? A) 10,000 years B) 1 million years C) 1,000 years D) 1 billion years E) 100 million years 71) If you wanted to observe a molecular cloud, in which of the ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum would you most likely observe? (There are additional possibilities. ) A) infrared B) gamma-ray C) X-ray D) ultraviolet E) visible 72) How do we learn about what is going on in the center of our own galaxy (the Milky Way)? A) We cannot see the galactic center with visible or ultraviolet light, but radio and X rays from the center can be detected. B) The gas and dust in the Milky Way prevent any type of direct observation of the galactic center, but theoretical models allow us to predict what is happening there. C) We have learned it only recently, thanks to the great photographs obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope. D) We must look at the centers of other galaxies and hope that ours is just like others. 12 AST 101- Introduction to Astronomy 73) The age of the universe is A) between 100 billion and 160 billion years. B) between 100 million and 160 million years. C) between 1 billion and 1. 6 billion years. D) between 10 billion and 16 billion years. E) between 10 million and 16 million years. Final 74) Which forces have physicists shown to be the same force under conditions of very high temperature or energy, as confirmed by experiments in particle accelerators? A) the strong and electromagnetic forces B) the electromagnetic and weak forces C) gravity and the strong force D) the strong and weak forces E) gravity and the weak force 75) Cluster ages can be determined from A) main sequence fitting. B) pulsating variable stars. C) visual binaries. D) main sequence turnoff. E) spectroscopic binaries. 6) The spectral sequence sorts stars according to A) radius. B) mass. C) luminosity. D) surface temperature. E) core temperature. 77) Why wasn't the intracluster medium in galaxy clusters discovered until the 1970s? A) The medium emits X rays, which are blocked by the earth's atmosphere and require X-ray satellites in space in order to be observed. B) We didn't have the resolution to observe ga laxy clusters until then. C) We did not know how much dark matter existed before then. D) Radiation emitted by the medium was so dim that we couldn't detect it until we built much larger telescopes. E) The Milky Way was blocking our view of distant galaxy clusters. 78) The most active galactic nuclei are usually found at large distances from us; relatively few nearby galaxies have active galactic nuclei. What does this imply? A) Active galactic nuclei tend to become less active as they age. B) Active galactic nuclei can form only at large distances from the Milky Way. C) The jets seen in many active galactic nuclei must cause them to move far away from us. D) Massive black holes existed only when the universe was young and no longer exist today. 13 AST 101- Introduction to Astronomy 9) Which of the following is an example of baryonic matter? A) neutrinos B) you C) mesons produced by physicists in particle accelerators D) electrons and positrons produced by pair production E) WIMPs Final 80) How can we see through the interstellar medium? A) by using only the biggest telescopes B) by observing only the brightest visible sources C) by using telescopes above the earth's atmosphere D) by observing in high-energy wavelengths such as X rays and long wavelengths of light such as radio waves E) We cannot see through the interstellar medium. 1) On a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, where on the main sequence would we find stars that have the greatest mass? A) upper right B) lower left C) lower right D) upper left 82) What is nuclear fusion? A) an explosion caused by putting together two volatile chemicals B) a process that only occurs in bombs C) the process of splitting nuclei to produce energy D) the process of combining lightweight nuclei to make heavier nuclei E) the process of turning matter into pure energy 83) He developed a system for predicting planetary positions that remained in use for some 1,500 years. A) Copernicus B) Tycho Brahe C) Kepler D) Galileo E) Ptolemy 84) What causes stars to twinkle? A) variable absorption by interstellar gas along the line of sight to the star B) the inability of the human eye to see faint objects C) bending of light rays by turbulent layers in the atmosphere D) variations in the absorption of the atmosphere E) It is intrinsic to the stars—their brightness varies as they expand and contract. 5) The controversial book of this famous person, published in 1543 (the year of his death), suggested that the earth and other planets orbit the Sun. A) Copernicus B) Kepler C) Tycho Brahe D) Galileo E) Ptolemy 86) What is a typical mass-to-light ratio for the inner region of a spiral galaxy, in units of solar masses per solar luminosity? A) 6 B) 0. 1 C) 1,000 D) 600 E) 100 14 AST 101- Introduction to Astronomy 87) In the formula E = mc2, what does E represent? A) the mass-energy, or potential energy stored in an object's mass B) the radiative energy carried by light C) the electric charge of the object D) the kinetic energy of a moving object E) the gravitational potential energy of an object held above the ground The following questions refer to the sketch below of an H-R diagram for a star cluster. Figure 17. 2 Final 88) Based on its main-sequence turnoff point, the age of this cluster is A) about 10 billion years. B) less than 1 billion years. C) more than 15 billion years. D) about 2 billion years. E) about 1 billion years. 9) What percentage of a molecular cloud's mass is interstellar dust? A) 1% B) 28% C) 50% D) 12% E) 1-50%, depending on the mass of the molecular cloud 90) Which of the following correctly states the luminosity-distance formula? luminosity A) distance = 4? ? (apparent brightness)2 B) apparent brightness = luminosity ? 4? ? (distance)2 apparent brightness C) luminosity = 4? ? (distance)2 D) apparent brightness = lumin osity 4? ? (distance)2 15 AST 101- Introduction to Astronomy 91) Harlow Shapley concluded that the Sun was not in the center of the Milky Way Galaxy by A) looking at the shape of the â€Å"milky band† across he sky. B) mapping the distribution of globular clusters in the galaxy. C) mapping the distribution of stars in the galaxy. D) looking at other nearby spiral galaxies. E) mapping the distribution of gas clouds in the spiral arms. 92) Which of the following statements about stages of nuclear burning (i. e. , first-stage hydrogen burning, second-stage helium burning, etc. ) in a massive star is not true? A) Each successive stage creates an element with a higher atomic weight. B) As each stage ends, the core shrinks further. C) Each successive stage of fusion requires higher temperatures than the previous stages. D) Each successive stage lasts for approximately the same amount of time. Final 93) Which of the following is not true of quasars? A) Some quasars are more than a thousand times more luminous than the Milky Way. B) Some quasars can change their brightness every few hours. C) Quasars are powered by the energy radiated by matter falling into a central black hole. D) Quasars are powered by the intense production of large numbers of stars that can only be sustained for a relatively short time. E) Quasars were more common in the past. 94) How does the spectrum of a molecule differ from the spectrum of an atom? A) Molecules only have spectral lines at ultraviolet wavelengths. B) Most atoms only have spectral lines at infrared wavelengths. C) A molecule does not have spectral lines due to electrons changing energy levels. D) A molecule has additional spectral lines due to changes in its rotational and vibrational energies. E) An atom has a wider range of spectral lines than molecules. 95) We can learn a lot about the properties of a star by studying its spectrum. All of the following statements are true except one. Which one? A) We can identify chemical elements present in the star by recognizing patterns of spectral lines that correspond to particular chemicals. B) We can look at Doppler shifts of spectral lines to determine the star's speed toward or away from us. C) The total amount of light in the spectrum tells us the star's radius. D) The peak of the star's thermal emission tells us its temperature: Hotter stars peak at shorter (bluer) wavelengths. 96) Where does the energy come from that your body uses to keep you alive? A) It is produced from the radiative energy of the Sun on your skin. B) It comes from the foods you eat. C) It is created during the time that you rest or sleep. D) It is in the air that you breathe. E) It comes from the water you drink. 16 AST 101- Introduction to Astronomy Final 97) Which of the following statements best describes the two principal advantages of telescopes over eyes? A) Telescopes have much more magnification and better angular resolution. B) Telescopes can collect far more light with far better angular resolution. C) Telescopes can collect far more light with far greater magnification. D) Telescopes collect more light and are unaffected by twinkling. E) Telescopes can see farther without image distortion and can record more accurate colors. 98) According to the universal law of gravitation, if you triple the distance between two objects, then the gravitational force between them will A) decrease by a factor of 9. B) decrease by a factor of 6. C) decrease by a factor of 3. D) increase by a factor of 3. E) increase by a factor of 9. 99) Degeneracy pressure is the source of the pressure that stops the crush of gravity in all the following except A) a neutron star. B) a brown dwarf. C) the central core of the Sun after hydrogen fusion ceases but before helium fusion begins. D) a very massive main-sequence star. E) a white dwarf. 100) Which of the following is not a conserved quantity? A) momentum C) energy B) angular momentum D) radiation 17 Answer Key Testname: FINAL_071212 1) E 2) E 3) E 4) A 5) C 6) B 7) C 8) D 9) E 10) C 11) D 12) E 13) B 14) E 15) C 16) A 17) E 18) A 19) E 20) B 21) D 22) D 23) B 24) E 25) E 26) C 27) E 28) D 29) B 30) C 31) B 32) C 33) A 34) B 35) B 36) D 37) E 38) E 39) B 0) D 41) E 42) A 43) B 44) D 45) C 46) D 47) D 48) C 18 Answer Key Testname: FINAL_071212 49) 50) 51) 52) 53) 54) 55) 56) 57) 58) 59) 60) 61) 62) 63) 64) 65) 66) 67) 68) 69) 70) 71) 72) 73) 74) 75) 76) 77) 78) 79) 80) 81) 82) 83) 84) 85) 86) 87) 88) 89) 90) 91) 92) 93) 94) 95) 96) B A A B C A B C D D A A D D C A E C B D A B A A D B D D A A B D D D E C A A A A A D B D D D C B 19 Answer Key Testname: FINAL_071212 97) B 98) A 99) D 100) D 20

Benefits and Challenges of Cloud Services

Cloud puting plays a great role in providing various advantages over the Smartphone applications and other technical advancements within the growing market place. This report is elaborating various benefits of cloud puting in this sector. Cloud puting for Smartphone-like devices apps development and growing in the marketplace Benefits of cloud puting over Smartphone applications Cloud puting provides various benefits to the field of mobile applications of the Smartphone (Chandramouli, Iorga & Chokhani, 2014). These applications make the operations and system functionalities easier with respect to the technical advancements as well as with respect to the user demands. Some of these advantages are elaborated in this report. These are explained as follows: Sharing of information : Previously the users needed improvised system architecture that is the hardware and software for sharing data and important information with the help of their mobile devices (El Amraoui & Sethom, 2016). In contrast with this fact, in the contemporary times, the users don’t need the plex architecture such as plex hardware and software for transferring their data and information. In spite of this, the cloud based smart phone applications made the system made these transfers easy and effective accordingly the contemporary scenario. Enhanced features and functionalities : New cloud applications are easy to operate the within the smart phones in order to maintain the effectiveness of the operations at present situation. In addition to this, enhanced features and functionalities of system provide more effectiveness to the users with respect to their demands and needs in the contemporary timing (Garg, Versteeg & Buyya, 2013). The technical feasibility and effective functional options provided through the cloud puting applications in the smart phones enhances the speed of operations as well as this ensures about the accuracy of the results collected from the cloud puting applications. Ease of access : Cloud provide various kinds of access to the users as this provides private, public and protected services to the users. All of these access patterns are easy to be operated by the users (Kovatsch, Lanter & Shelby, 2014). This accessing the process is not dependent on the place, time and other aspects related to the users applications. In addition to this, mostly the organization uses the private and protected features. Some cloud hosts provide the public access to their data in order to maintain its features. Broader reach of the users : Cloud features can be used globally that defines the effectiveness of the system architecture of the cloud puting approaches (Park & Kim, 2014). In addition to this, there is various other technical feasibility analysis that ensures about the effectiveness of the cloud puting over smart phone applications.   Cost effectiveness of the system architecture as well as the vendors : Now a days the cloud vendors are easily available and any organization or institute can utilize the cloud services within selective cost structure within their premises (Rodrà ­guez-Garcà ­a et al., 2014). Greentek is one application development organization that mainly deals with medical research and development aspects. In contrast with this fact, the organization wants to migrate their system architecture to the PaaS system of cloud system (Sunyaev & Schneider, 2013). In contrast with this fact, there are various challenges as well as various benefits involved in this migration process. These challenges and benefits are elaborated in this part of the report. These are given as follows: Quick Development and Testing : Greentek can easily cope up with the different configurations and developmental features of the system architecture. In addition to this, the deployment and development team of Greentek can easily operate multiple machines at different locations as per their demands (Willcocks & Lacity, 2016). In contrast with this fact the testing and other important development features can be tested with the help of PaaS application within the organization. Dynamic allocation : In accordance with the petitive market places, IT departments need the flexibility and operational excellence for implementing new application within the organization (Zhang, Cherkasova & Loo, 2015). Dynamic allocation provides effective testing opportunities and market analysis with the help of cloud application support. Increased focus for business and international entrepreneurship : The organizational heads are responsible for the effective decision makings and other important aspect involved within the system architecture of the Greentek. This aspect allows the organizational heads in solving various issues that helps them to focus on the international requirements of business (Zheng et al., 2013). In contrast with various kinds of benefits of PaaS applications, there are various challenges that are included within the Greentek. These challenges are elaborated as follows: Data security : Like other cloud puting applications, PaaS also involves various technical and data security related issues within the system architecture of Greentek. This aspect reduces the technical feasibility of the system architecture (Chandramouli, Iorga & Chokhani, 2014). The third party hosts involves various malicious codes and effective threats within the system architecture of the organization. Limited Flexibility : The PaaS solution cannot match with the IaaS applications or solutions within the organizational structures (El Amraoui & Sethom, 2016). The product of PaaS does not match in patibility with the SaaS products. This aspect also reduces the effectiveness of the system architecture in PaaS applications in Greentek. Customer Captivity : The customer captivity with the help of limited number of PaaS vendors is not enough to serve them better way (Garg, Versteeg & Buyya, 2013). This aspect also reduces the effectiveness of the system offerings of the PaaS. Problems of integration : There is various integration issues involved within the system architecture of the PaaS applications. This application can trigger the increase of plexity of the system. Greentek wants to implement the SaaS application in order to improvise their system architecture. In contrast with these facts, there are various challenges of SaaS applications and these are explained as follows: Security and privacy challenges : SaaS is nothing but the application of clod base and it involves various security and privacy threats within the system architecture within the technical domain of Greentek. This aspect is considered as one of the most effective challenges of Greentek. Hybrid IT infrastructure : SaaS is one of the most plex hybrid architecture that offers various plexities within the system architecture of Greentek. Once the organization bines its existing system architecture with the cloud applications then it b es more plex than the previous one (Kovatsch, Lanter & Shelby, 2014). Complex architecture : plex architecture is another disadvantage of the SaaS applications involved within the system architecture of the Greentek. In addition to this, the plex architecture involved within SaaS cloud set up makes the operations tough to be managed (Park & Kim, 2014). Lack of skills among employees :   Most of the time, the employee does not have proper skills and effective knowledge about the system architecture of Greentek (Rodrà ­guez-Garcà ­a et al., 2014). This aspect reduces the chances of managing the plex system architecture of Greentek. Access challenges : In contrast with various disadvantages of the SaaS, access challenge is another disadvantage of SaaS applications. Whenever any organization or system heads are using the tools of SaaS, access control b es a difficult challenge for them (Sunyaev & Schneider, 2013). Any traditional software offers various monitoring setting to the users in order access the information and data within the cloud. In contrast with this fact, the SaaS applications does not provide this controlling measures to the users in order to maintain the system architecture and various other functions. Time constraint : Time constraint is another technical disadvantage of the SaaS applications within the system architecture (Willcocks, & Lacity, 2016). As the plexity of the system architecture is increased due to the SaaS implementation process, time constraint makes the system architecture more inefficient in Greentek. Faulty integration : Faulty integration is another disadvantage of the SaaS application within Greentek. In addition to this, the accounting and sales data are not synced with the system architecture of SaaS application (Zhang, Cherkasova & Loo, 2015). This is known as the faulty integration of the SaaS application within any organization. Uploading of files and other aspects that are important to be connected may create issues during the transfer of files and data. This report is elaborating all the benefits of the cloud puting in the field of Smartphone applications in the present era. This assignment is considering Greentek, one application development organization that wants to implement SaaS within their organization. In contrast with this fact, various benefits and challenges are being elaborated in this assignment. Chandramouli, R., Iorga, M., & Chokhani, S. (2014). Cryptographic key management issues and challenges in cloud services. In  Secure Cloud puting  (pp. 1-30). Springer New York. El Amraoui, A., & Sethom, K. (2016, March). Cloudlet Softwarization for Pervasive Healthcare. In  Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops (WAINA), 2016 30th International Conference on  (pp. 628-632). IEEE. Garg, S. K., Versteeg, S., & Buyya, R. (2013). A framework for ranking of cloud puting services.  Future Generation puter Systems,  29(4), 1012-1023. Kovatsch, M., Lanter, M., & Shelby, Z. (2014, October). Californium: Scalable cloud services for the internet of things with coap. In  Internet of Things (IOT), 2014 International Conference on the  (pp. 1-6). IEEE. Park, E., & Kim, K. J. (2014). An integrated adoption model of mobile cloud services: exploration of key determinants and extension of technology acceptance model.  Telematics and Informatics,  31(3), 376-385. Rodrà ­guez-Garcà ­a, M. à ., Valencia-Garcà ­a, R., Garcà ­a-Sà ¡nchez, F., & Samper-Zapater, J. J. (2014). Ontology-based annotation and retrieval of services in the cloud.  Knowledge-Based Systems,  56, 15-25. Sunyaev, A., & Schneider, S. (2013). Cloud services certification. munications of the ACM,  56(2), 33-36. Willcocks, L. P., & Lacity, M. C. (Eds.). (2016).  The new IT outsourcing landscape: from innovation to cloud services. Springer. Zhang, Z., Cherkasova, L., & Loo, B. T. (2015). Exploiting cloud heterogeneity to optimize performance and cost of MapReduce processing.  ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review,  42(4), 38-50. Zheng, Z., Wu, X., Zhang, Y., Lyu, M. R., & Wang, J. (2013). QoS ranking prediction for cloud services.  IEEE transactions on parallel and distributed systems,  24(6), 1213-1222.

The New Jim Crow by Michelle Alexander Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The New Jim Crow by Michelle Alexander - Essay Example Michelle Alexander has spoken on various events regarding the wrong judgmental basis when it comes to races in United States. The author of the most read book The New Jim Crow explains that the incarceration is itself a negative event in the history of America to which majority of the Americans also poses criticism (Alexander, 2013). The mass incarceration led into a major racial discrimination problem in United States. The mass imprisonment of a great deal of African Americans after the civil rights movement has proven that the policies of United States in terms of justice system remained weaker. Mass incarceration remains an issue in the present times as well. The ratio of mass incarceration seems to increase in the present times (Alexander, 2013). Talking about the impact that mass incarceration on the society as a general, it is considered that poor classes of the society are affected in terms of economic opportunities. It is the mind-set that has been set by the justice system because of which people are not able to trust minorities and especially African Americans. For instance, it is expected that mass incarceration will reduce the wages of the inmates. For people like them, it is expected that they will take a lot of years down the pipeline to evolve as middle class families (Alexander, 2013). Psychologically, people believed that white men with a criminal record can still be given different job opportunities while African Americans with a same record is completely denied of the jobs that they opt for. This is an open racial discrimination to which the authorities lack stance. It is expected that the future generations of the African Americans will be growing up with the rebellious attitude towards the white population which can prove to be very damaging for American society (Alexander, 2013). However, many claims that this aspect is quiet similar in other countries of the world such as Europe where every second African

Strategy, Business Information & Analysis Essay

Strategy, Business Information & Analysis - Essay Example Sri Lanka is one of the few countries in the world, providing free universal healthcare, including both education and healthcare services (Workinsrilanka.lk, n.d.). Development of the healthcare industry is one of the major government priorities and for achieving its goals; the Government has initiated the National Health Master Plan (2006-2016). Government support has contributed significantly to the rapid growth and development of both public and private sectors, improved quality of healthcare services and human capital base in the industry (Workinsrilanka.lk, n.d.). As of 2012, Sri Lanka had 593 government hospitals and 197 private hospitals. The number of qualified doctors in total exceeded 17, 129 (approximately 1,187 persons per doctor) and the number of qualified nurses was 29, 871 (approximately 683 persons per nurse) (Workinsrilanka.lk, n.d.). In 2012, the total expenditure on health care both private and public was approximately US $89 per head, or 3.2% of GDP (The Economis t Intelligence Unit, 2014). Even though the level of expenditure on health is low, Sri Lanka illustrates significant positive trends: increase of life expectancy to 75 years, and fall of mortality rate among children t 9.6 cases per 1,000 births (The Economist Intelligence Unit, 2014). The quality of healthcare services provided in Sri Lanka is known around the world, as this country has high quality clinicians, adopts the latest innovations in medicine, science, and technology (Medicare, 2015). In order to have better understanding of the healthcare industry dynamic in Sri Lanka there was utilised the five forces model. There is a limited number of suppliers of medical devices, consumables and pharmaceutical items in Sri Lanka. In addition to limited availability of suppliers, Sri Lankan’s healthcare industry faces with a problem of limited availability of medical devices, consumables and pharmaceutical items often causing stock out situations. Limited number of

WorldCom Assignment to be Reviewd Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

WorldCom to be Reviewd - Assignment Example The causes and results of the fines that were imposed by the SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission), a staggering $750,000,000. In addition to that, understand how could the company announce accounting irregularities amounting to $11,000,000,000 and also their relevant financial reporting that caused such irregularities. To completely paint the picture of the bankruptcy, there is a need to cover practical and academic aspects of organizational structure, the staff (individuals, teams and groups), and the culture that predominated WorldCom and made it possible for the business entity to commit such fraud and deceit. In addition to that above, I want to share some light into the leadership of WorldCom and its role in the eventual demise of it. Was it all a matter of leadership, good or bad, or perhaps that are some underlying reasons that caused the bankruptcy. There are a number of factors that need to be studied in relation to WorldCom. For instance, what is the role of the external auditors of WorldCom in the bankruptcy and fraud. Were they a part of it or they simply ignored wrongdoings and kept things running as they were without intervention. The above discussion has been done based on the secondary data available. However, effort has been put to discuss the same in light of the related theories in academia. Adding to the above discussion, a detailed analysis would be carried out to show the effect of the crisis on its various stakeholders. In Human Resource Management, human beings are assumed as the most significant asset within an organization. The discussion has been provided to provide an insight as how this crisis affected its most significant assets. At the end a conclusion has been inferred from the entire analysis and discussion. The object of this research paper is to come to understand how this business and accounting fraud took place and how the government and other concerned parties missed on this for

Qualitative and quantitative research methods Essay

Qualitative and quantitative research methods - Essay Example Quantitative research methods stress much on the generation of generalizable and precise statistical findings. Numerical data features in quantitative research. The method is usually used when the researcher wants verify if a cause generates an impact in general. On the other hand, qualitative research methods attempt to capture the deeper meaning of certain human experiences and produce theoretical richer observations that cannot be easily captured by numerical data (Babbie and Rubin, 2011).. Another difference between quantitative and qualitative research is the core assumption concerning the function of the researcher. In qualitative research, it is perceived that the researcher can learn more about a particular situation by taking part in it or getting deeply involved in the situation. In quantitative research, the researcher is just an objective observer who neither takes part nor influences whatever is being studied (Colorado State University, 2012) In conclusion, the research method to be used in the study of Ethics, Compliance, and Social Responsibility of Hewlett Packard is qualitative research method. This is because the method allows the research techniques to generate more observation as the data is collected. The method also allows the researcher to learn more about a certain situation by taking part in what the participants are doing. In this case, the research will learn more about ethics, compliance, and social responsibility of Hewlett

Where the Wild Things Are Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Where the Wild Things Are - Essay Example Initially, Sendak wanted to put horses in place of wild things, but he abandoned the idea as he realized he could not draw horses better than wild beasts and mosters. As his mother locked him up in his room without offering him supper, he had an intrinsic desire to conquer his fear of wild things. Therefore, in his subconscious, he decided to confront them. The conversion of room of limited capacity into a world as vast as accommodative of sea, jungle and the wonderland full of wild things is all Max’s fantasy. As the ship took Max to the land occupied by wild things, he visualized the most fearful images of wild things in their extreme aggression he had for long been fearful of. Particularly from a child’s perspective, the way author narrated the rage of wild things is captivating. Beasts with large rolling yellow eyes and cluttering pointed teeth are the typical images of wild things that folk tales conventionally make use of. It is so because for children, rage reflects in the eyes and jaws of wild things. However, Max’s subconscious had taken him to the land of wild things, not to get frightened, but instead, to frighten them. So he stupefied the wild things by giving them a uninterrupted stare. The author has a solid reason why Max can frighten the wild things by staring at them without blinking. The reason is that when we, as adults, sternly forbid the children from doing something, we tend to give them a stern look, and try not to blink our eyes. This conveys a solid message to the children that we mean what we say. Likewise, Max conveyed his message to the wild things that he ought not to fear them. This made him the king of wild things and he ruled them. This is when, Max conquered his fear of wild things. Although Max’s mother had punished him, yet he always knew she loved him by heart and would not leave him hungry. He did not see his mum put supper in his room. Even

Romanticism And Realism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Romanticism And Realism - Assignment Example Therefore, even though not necessary or fundamental to Romanticism, but so extensive as to be normative, was a sturdy solid belief and awareness in the significance of nature. It later on, â€Å"allowed it to push painting about out of the focus of art.† Romanticism, for a time, dominated art, particularly in France during the later periods of the 1700s and the early 1800s. Then, at about the middle of the nineteenth century, the effect of many societal dynamisms caused artistic palate to change from idealistic romanticism to realism, starting in France in the 1850s. Realism in France emerged subsequent to the 1848 Revolution. These realists put themselves straight against romanticism. The emotional and exaggerated qualities of Romanticism began to break up European art. (S. Decline of Romanticism: End of the Century, Turn of the Century. Akadà ©miai Kiadà ³, 1970, p. 1) After a time of a loosened form of the expression and depiction of subjects in art, there was a tightening that occurred. At large, realists concentrated more on ordinary, run-of-the-mill characters, situations, places, problems, and objects, all in a "true-to-life" method or approach in depicting it. Realists discarded exaggerated or melodramatic portrayal or depiction of emotion, grand subjects, in favor of commonplace motifs or themes. After a time, artists like Monet and others started to feel that actual realism did not truly present the creative nature of the emotion. They grew exhausted of producing art for the rich and desired something much more. Simplicity substituted technique and method. Thus, they showed the impression of the scene, allowing the realism to be interpreted by the viewer. This movement that arose from Realism is known as Impressionism. Realism during the 1800s also supported an art movement called Naturalism, as a response to the exaggerated representations of themes in Romanticism. Indeed, Romanticism and realism were

The leadership experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The leadership experience - Essay Example When you wield your power over people without establishing the necessary relations then you cannot assert influence necessary to propel one to a higher office. Many leaders, for instance, Paul Wolfowitz of the World Bank fail because of their ambitions and how they wield their power. Women with their relationship oriented approach to leadership put them in a position where they can cultivate the necessary relationships. The relationships allow them to listen and appeal to their emotions and eventually get what they want even a top job. Furthermore, since women are more likely to achieve their goals as well as organizational goals they are hence trusted with influential positions. If a male leader changes his behavior to incorporate elements of relationship-oriented leadership techniques more common to the female leader, he will still be an authentic leader. The elements of relationship-oriented leadership will only strengthen an authentic leader and not water it down. Through the approach, they will be able to understand the needs of the workforce and appeal to them and hence ensure that the company achieves its goal. The leader would also still be authentic since although he would want to involve everyone the final decision will still be with him and can still leave a legacy. Furthermore, through the approach, the leader can easily assert his power since he knows his workforce quite well. It is the manager's responsibility to help their employees find pleasure, engagement, and meaning in their work to make them happy.

Drug Patent Statement Essay Example for Free

Drug Patent Statement Essay Patent Laws Patent laws are created to protect the intellectual property rights of scientists and to motivate investors to produce rare drugs. Under the intellectual property laws in drugs, investors and investors could market and profit from their products for 18 years without the fear of losing sales from the threat of generic drugs. Effects of Drug Patenting   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Patenting drugs creates an opportunity for brands to monopolize the market, thus, gaining complete control over the pricing of their product. It allows maximum profits for brands within the specific period allowed by patent laws, in this case 18 years. During the specific period allowed by patent laws, it is illegal for generic brands to infringe the rights of the patented drugs by marketing their products. This reduces competitive marketing, making it more difficult for the generics to penetrate the market. Naturally because of this reduced competition, prices are raised and the availability of drugs is decreased. This created the motion that patent laws should be limited to allow generic brands to enter the market more freely. Loopholes in Patenting   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After a patent expires, the generic brands can market their product without the restraint or fear from any legal implications that could be brought to them by the patented brand. The entrance of generic brands could reduce the sales of branded drugs by about 80 percent (Herper). To maximize profits and at the same time reduce the threat imposed by generic drugs on their sales as well as legally, the inevitable expiration of patent is maneuvered by branded companies within the bounds of laws. The branded drugs could enter into private financial deals, usually by bribing drug companies who want to enter the market with their generic versions. Another way of maneuvering the laws include â€Å"attaching riders on to some pieces of legislation in the congress† to extend the patent of the brand (Kugler). Some companies perform slight changes in the formulation of their drugs to make a â€Å"new and improved† version of their product. As a result, when the drug patent expires, the consumers would not want to choose the generic versions, believing it less potent. This had been the case of Eli Lilly and Co. as they fought their way to win the case against generics maker Zenith Pharmaceuticals. The last claimed that Lilly’s patent on Zyprexa is invalid because it was too similar to its earlier patent. They argued that Lilly misled the institutions on the significance of their tests. Lilly on the other hand argues that Zyprexa is a more superior drug compared to its former and is worthy of its patent. However, according to Lilly, they had no plans of bribing their generic rival out of the case. Another way of maneuvering is when drug companies continuously file patent upon patent to extend their monopoly over the drug and challenge the generics. This works to the great advantage of   the brands and otherwise to the generics because when a branded product challenges a generic in court, The Food and Drug Administration delays the former’s   approval for 2.5 years (Herper). That is, if the case is not settled before that. This gives more time for the brands to profit their product at their monopolistic price.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The result is the constant legal suits of generic companies to invalidate the brand name patents of manufacturers that keep their generic versions off the market (Herper). Weakening patents means weakening incentives   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) had been strong in responding to the proposed legislation by Edwards and Kennedy. According to them, â€Å"By weakening patent protection, the Edwards/Kennedy legislation harms patents and weakens the incentive to develop new medicine. Weaken patent laws will reduce drug research for rare diseases (Kugler).†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Edwards/Kennedy Legislation (Greater Access to Affordable Pharmaceutical Act of 2001) is proposed to speed up the process in which generic drugs are approved. This will reduce the monopoly of branded drugs and increase the competition among drug manufacturers by making generic brands more widely available and thus, cheaper (Kugler). The legislation also wants to hold manufacturers to the Hatch Waxman act to ensure that practices in drug manufacturing and marketing are fair, competitive. The Hatch Waxman Act is created to increase development of generic versions of drugs and at the same time protect the patent rights of branded products. This is done by giving time for patented drugs to market and sell their products with consideration of the amount of time wasted in waiting for the approval of the Food and Drug Administration. This legislation, as well as the Hatch Waxman Act has made a huge cut in the profits of branded manufacturers. This is despite the claim that the Hatch Waxman act is also created to protect the patent of branded products. The shares of Lilly’s Prozac, for example dropped by 30% in just one day   in August of 2000 after the declaration of a new patent ruling (Herper). This shows that investors are very reactive to changes and challenges in drug patents. However frivolous the challenges are, and however promising the potential of the drug is, the patent challenges have a negative impact on drug development. Any challenge in drug patents is as powerful as to reduce the investments to a very significant level that could wipe off any motivation and incentive for manufacturers to develop and produce drugs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This, in general is the argument of brand manufacturersthat a decrease in drug patent provisions will decrease profits for branded drug makers, which will simultaneously reduce the incentives that are the primary motivators of inventors and investors. There is no significant connection between patent protection and drug research   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) believes that â€Å"It is the Orphan Drug act and not patents that have paved the way for the development rare drug products (Kugler).†Ã‚   The Orphan Drug Act of 1983 encourages the development of drugs for rare diseases by giving the manufacturers 7 years of exclusive marketing rights. Included in the provision of the act are the tax credits that should compensate for the manufacturers’, laboratories’ and investors’ research expenses (Kugler).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   NORD implied that PhRMA is overstating that there is a significant connection between patent protection and rare disease drug research. This, according to them is needlessly inducing alarm among the patients.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The main argument against drug patent is the â€Å"unfair marketing practices† imposed by the branded drug products as supported by the intellectual property laws. A balance should be set to meet both the need for more affordable drugs and the need for new drugs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If this is the case, that is, if the main problem is the power of branded manufacturers to set prices, it is not by limiting the provisions of patents that could increase the distribution at more affordable prices of rare drugs. It is by setting a middle point that could balance both the need for drugs and the motivation of inventors and investors through incentives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A lot has already been suggested regarding this. One includes â€Å"offering drug companies a period of exclusivity without fear of patent challenges after a drug is approved (Herper).†Ã‚   More specifically stated, the proposal is to give drug patents a shorter term of 15 years (instead of 18 years) (Herper). In addition to this shorter term, it is suggested that the 15 years should start only after the approval of the FDA (Herper). At present, patents protect drugs from generic versions for 18 years exclusive of the 8 years or more that are needed for the product to pass the FDA tests. Also, to minimize the probability of monopolies, the prices of the products should be regulated that it will not harm the producers as well as the consumers. The provisions of drug patents should not be limited.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Undeniably, for a drug innovation to proceed, financing is very crucial, making the interest of investors necessary for the development of drugs. As implied earlier, decreasing the power of patents creates fear among investors in drugs whether or not this fear is justifiable by actual probabilities. The interest of investors in drug manufacturing depends very much on the idea that they could profit from it through patent laws. Threatening to limit this power and exclusivity would affect their interest and thus their motivation. Drug companies would not be rewarded and there would be less incentive to develop new drugs. This rebuts the NORD statement that it is not the patent that motivates or creates drug innovation. Limiting patents would in the short run decrease the prices and increase the availability of drugs but it will not produce drugs that are needed in the future.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The economic law states that a higher price of products would decrease the demand. This means that branded drug manufacturers could only rise their prices up to a point that they would still gain profit from what they invested. Higher than this point, they could not raise their prices. This is the point where the manufacturers would feel rewarded based on their contributions. Limiting the power of patents would make the manufacturers feel unrewarded because prices of the products they developed using millions of dollars are being sold at a cheaper rate compared to what it really is supposed to sell at. Consumers pay for the innovation and development. Without these manufacturers and investors, there would be no drugs. References Bioshield Bill Would Provide Drug Patent Term Extension. Apr 2005. Patent Baristas. 26 Sep 2006. http://www.patentbaristas.com/archives/000161.php Drug Patent Deals Raise FTC Concerns. 2006. Patent Baristas. 26 Sep 2006 http://www.patentbaristas.com/archives/000319.php Farnsworth, S. n.d. The Drug Monopoly. Multinationalmonitor.org. 26 Sep 2006 http://multinationalmonitor.org/hyper/issues/1993/11/mm1193_09.htm.save. Fernandez D. and Huie J., n.d. Strategic Balancing of Patent and FDA Approval Processes to Maximize Market Exclusivity. Fernandez and Associates. Iploft,com. 26 Sep 2006 http://www.iploft.com/FDA%20Poster.pdf#search=hatch%20watchman%20act. Food and Drug Administration 1984. Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration 26 Sep 2006. http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d098:SN01538:@@@Dsumm2=m|TOM:/bss/d098query.html|. Herper, M. 2002. Solving the Drug Problem. Forbes.com. 26 Sep 2006. http://www.forbes.com/2002/05/02/0502patents.html. Herper, M.   2005. Drug Patent Peril. Forbes.com. 26 Sep 2006 http://www.forbes.com/technology/2005/01/26/cx_mh_0126patents.html. Kugler M. 2002 July. NORD Rebuts PhRMA Drug Patent Statement. About.com. 26 Sep 2006. http://rarediseases.about.com/library/weekly/aa071402a.htm. Nair, MD. n.d. Harmonization of Patent Laws—Still a Dream? Patentmatics.org. 26 Sep 2006. http://www.patentmatics.org/pub25.htm. Swiatek J. 2004. Lilly Battles Patent: Lilly Battling to Retain Patent on its Top Drug. Indystar.com. 26 Sep 2006. http://www.antidepressantsfacts.com

Ethnic Nationalism in Korea Essay Example for Free

Ethnic Nationalism in Korea Essay History influences the ethnic nationalism in Korea as well as the nature of the dynamic self-perception of the Korean people. Ethnic nationalism is defined as the combination of ethnicity and race due to historical circumstances. The self-perception of Koreans, a form of orientalism, derives from a form of ethnic nationalism and takes shape in the form of competitiveness amongst other nations. Although many critics argue that the stigma of ethnic nationalism may bring about a generalization of a nation’s people, the certain dynamism of Koreans cannot be masked by ethnic nationalism. Both forms of identity bring about different effects in the social and political world of Korea. Gi-Wook Shin, author of Ethnic Nationalism in Korea, claims that the effect of ethnic nationalism penetrates every aspect of Korean society: â€Å"Indeed, a sense of ethnic unity has served Koreans in a variety of ways from being an ideology of anti-colonialism to that of national unification†(3). He demonstrates that this notion of ethnic nationalism is strong enough to influence political and national policies in a country, but he also explains that ethnic nationalism originated from distinct historical events that had occurred in the country. This unique phenomenon formed due to the specific historical circumstances and influences of Korea’s past have not allowed Koreans to able to fully differentiate between race and ethnicity: Although race is understood as a collectivity defined by innate and phenotypic and genotypic characteristics and ethnicity is generally regarded as a cultural phenomenon based on a common language and history, Koreans have not historically differentiated between the two. Instead, race has served as a marker that strengthened ethnic identity, which in turn was instrumental in defining the nation. Race, ethnicity, and nation were conflated, and this is reflected in the multiple uses of the term minjok, the most widely used term for â€Å"nation,† which can also refer to â€Å"ethnie† or â€Å"race† (pg. 4, ENK) Shin describes that the conglomerate definition of ethnic nationalism has been formed from Korea’s historic events. In addition, Marxist historian Paek Namun concurred with Shin’s definition of ethnic nationalism: â€Å"Korea is a unitary notion with a common blood, territory, language, culture, and historical destiny for thousands of years† (5). However despite this deep rooted nationalism in Korea, Shin argued that this ethnic nationalism was not inevitable and could not have existed. He claimed that the national identity of any nation was subject to change depending on its â€Å"historical contingency†(9). For example, the increase in the foreboding presence of Japan, China, and other foreign countries throughout Korea’s history had also increased its sense of ethnic nationalism. More particularly, the distinction between Koreans and other East Asian countries posed as threats to the country, and Korea had thus evolved to form an ethnic nationalism that was â€Å"blood line† related. This strong sense of identity through blood is what critics relate to when defining the adamant stance in identity by the Korean people under Japanese colonialism. In addition to the different forms of ethnic nationalism, many have criticized and questioned Gi-Wook Shin’s broad definition of ethnic nationalism and its association with identifying the self-perception of Koreans. Critics of Shin’s argue that ethnic nationalism will result in essentialism and prevent the analysis of the true self-perception of Koreans. On the contrary, I believe that the dynamic nature of Koreans’ notions of themselves stems from a form of ethnic nationalism in Korea. Korea’s self perception is based off of the domination under foreign nations in the past and has stemmed from the ethnic nationalism that was represented in Korea under this oppression. Gilbert Rozman explains the effect that influenced South Korea from such oppression in South Korea’s National Identity Sensitivity: Evolution, Manifestations, Prospects: China with its precocious premodern past and record of regional centrality and Japan with its late premodern dynamism and modern rise to regional ascendency, Korea pales in comparisons that fail to appreciate its own relative strengths on an international comparative scale and its lack of reasons for guilt in external relations Koreans could take pride in how their country has repeatedly seized opportunities in confining circumstances (pg. 2) Rozman shows that the ethnic nationalism in Korea was the reaction reflected from the inferiority under Japan and China. He describes Korea’s struggle to appreciate their impressive standing as a nation confined between two great East Asian countries. Ethnic nationalism therefore formed due to their restless struggle and determinant fervor to seek a position in the global world that it could one day be proud of. The competitiveness that grew out of this distinct ethnic nationalism developed from an outlook judged under the international community and its standards of a successful country. South Korea’s dynamic nature therefore arose from an orientalist view that originated in the ethnic nationalism under Japan’s and China’s presence. Korea’s dynamic nature is one that constantly evolves and adapts to current modernization. Koreans have been striving to seek success in almost every international sector, whether it can be shown through economic success, technological achievements, or through physical achievements such as the World Cup. As Shin describes the 2002 World Cup phenomenon: â€Å" This fervor over the World Cup was not simply about soccer. It was also about national pride, identity, and confidence† (ENK, pg. 2), he explains that the reward of success had contributed to Korea’s definition of its own identity. In addition, Shin includes that of 542 surveyed Koreans, 76% of them had claimed to express a â€Å"renewed confidence in Korea’s capability in the world† (Korea Herald, July 10, 2002). As this identity is attributed to a prideful sense of ethnic nationalism based on success, the dynamic nature of Korea has certainly proved to work under its representation throughout the global community. As quoted above, Korea’s success is to achieve world recognition in order to rectify it’s â€Å"capability in the world†. This notion is what attributes the dynamic nature of the Korean people, and it is this attitude that pushes Korea to competitively seek its place as one of the top nations in the global community and rid its past image as the poor, war-ridden country that it once was in the past. Korea’s ethnic nationalism and self-perception have both been very influential driving forces in Korean policies and attitudes. Both of these notions are effected by the historic events that have heavily influenced and changed how Koreans view themselves. In addition to this similarity, Koreans’ self-perception has in fact stemmed from ethnic nationalism. However despite the relationship between the two, each notion has a much different effect on the people of Korea. Ethnic nationalism in Korea effects Koreans through its sense of unity and blood line. Self-perception of Koreans, however, impassion Koreans through a sense of competitiveness from the ethnic nationalism formed when Korea was under colonial rule. Therefore, Korean ethnic nationalism should not block Koreans’ outlook on themselves.

Wavelet Packet Feature Extraction And Support Vector Machine Psychology Essay

Wavelet Packet Feature Extraction And Support Vector Machine Psychology Essay ABSTRACT- The aim of this work is an automatic classification of the electroencephalogram (EEG) signals by using statistical features extraction and support vector machine. From a real database, two sets of EEG signals are used: EEG recorded from a healthy person and from an epileptic person during epileptic seizures. Three important statistical features are computed at different sub-bands discrete wavelet and wavelet packet decomposition of EEG recordings. In this study, to select the best wavelet for our application, five wavelet basis functions are considered for processing EEG signals. After reducing the dimension of the obtained data by linear discriminant analysis and principal component analysis, feature vectors are used to model and to train the efficient support vector machine classifier. In order to show the efficiency of this approach, the statistical classification performances are evaluated, and a rate of 100% for the best classification accuracy is obtained and is compa red with those obtained in other studies for the same data set. Keywords- EEG; Discrete Wavelet Transform, Wavelet Packet Transform, Support Vector Machine, Statistical analysis, classification. 1. Introduction In neurology, the electroencephalogram (EEG) is a non-invasive test of brain function that is mostly used for the diagnosis and classification of epilepsy. The epilepsy episodes are a result of excessive electrical discharges in a group of brain cells. Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder of the brain that affects over 50 million people worldwide and in developing countries, three fourths of people with epilepsy may not receive the treatment they need [1]. In clinical decisions, the EEG is related to initiation of therapy to improve quality of epileptic patients life. However, EEG signals occupy a huge volume and the scoring of long-term EEG recordings by visual inspection, in order to classify epilepsy, is usually a time consuming task. Therefore, many researchers have addressed the problem of automatic detection and classification of epileptic EEG signals [2, 3]. Different studies have shown that EEG signal is a non-stationary process and non-linear features are extracted fr om brain activity recordings in order to specific signal characteristics [2, 4, 5, 6]. Then these features are used as input of classifiers [11]. Subasi in [7] used the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) coefficient of normal and epileptic EEG segments in a modular neural network called mixture of expert. For the same EEG data set, Polat and Gà ¼nes [8] used the feature reduction methods including DWT, autoregressive and discrete Fourier transform. In Subasi and Gursoy [9], the dimensionality of the DWT features was reduced using principal component analysis (PCA), independent component analysis (ICA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The resultant features were used to classify normal and epilepsy EEG signals using support vector machine. Jahankhani, Kodogiannis and Revett [10] have obtained feature vectors from EEG signals by DWT and performed the classification by multilayer perceptron (MLP) and radial basis function network. Wavelet packet transform (WPT) appears as one of most promising methods as shown by a great number of works in the literature [11] particularly for ECG signals and relatively fewer, for EEG signals. In [12], Wang, Miao and Xie used wavelet packet entropy method to extract features and K-nearest neighbor (K-NN) classifier. In this work, both DWT and WPT split non stationary EEG signals into frequency sub-bands. Then a set of statistical features such as standard deviation, energy and entropy from real database EEG recordings were computed from e ach decomposition level to represent time-frequency distribution of wavelet coefficients. LDA and PCA are applied to these various parameters allowing a data reduction. These features were used as an input to efficient SVM classifier with two discrete outputs: normal person and epileptic subject. A measure of the performances of these methods is presented. The remaining of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 describes the data set of EEG signals used in our work. In Section 3, preliminaries are presented for immediate reference. This is followed by the step up of our experiments and the results in section 4. Finally, some concluding remarks are given in Section 5. 2. DATA SELECTION We have used the EEG data taken from the artifact free EEG time series database available at the Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn [23]. The complete dataset consists of five sets (denoted A-B-C-D-E). Each set contains100 single-channel EEG signals of 23,6s. The normal EEG data was obtained from five healthy volunteers who were in the relaxed awake state with their eyes open (set A). These signals were obtained from extra-cranially surface EEG recordings in accordance with a standardized electrode placement. Set E contains seizure activity, selected from all recording sites exhibiting ictal activity. All EEG signals were recorded with the same 128 channel amplifier system and digitized at 173.61Hz sampling. 12 bit analog-to-digital conversion and band-pass (0.53-40 Hz) filter settings were used. For a more detailed description, the reader can refer to [13]. In our study, we used set A and set E from the complete dataset. Raw EEG signal Feature extraction: Energy, Entropy and Standard deviation from DWT and WPT decom-position coefficients Dimensionality reduction by LDA and PCA Classification and Performance measure Healthy Epileptic Figure 1 The flow chart of the proposed system 3. methods The proposed method consists of three main parts: (i) statistical feature extraction from DWT and from WPT decomposition coefficients, (ii) dimensionality reduction using PCA and LDA, and (iii) EEG classification using SVM. The flow chart of the proposed method is given in figure 1. Details of the pre-processing and classification steps are examined in the following subsections. 3.1 Analysis using DWT and WPT Since the EEG is a highly non-stationary signal, it has been recently recommended the use of time-frequency domain methods [14]. Wavelet transform can be used to decompose a signal into sub-bands with low frequency (approximate coefficients) and sub-bands with high frequency (detailed coefficients) [15, 16, 17]. Under discrete wavelet transform (DWT), only approximation coefficients are decomposed iteratively by two filters and then down-sampled by 2. The first filter h[.] is a high-pass filter which is the mirror of the second low pass filter l[.]. DWT gives a left recursive binary tree structure. We processed 16 DWT coefficients. Wavelet packet transform (WPT) is an extension of DWT that gives a more informative signal analysis. By using WPT, the lower, as well as the higher frequency bands are decomposed giving a balanced tree structure. The wavelet packet transform generates a full decomposition tree, as shown in figure 2. In this work, we performed five-level wavelet packet deco mposition. The two wavelet packet orthogonal bases at a parent node (i, p) are obtained from the following recursive relationships Eq. (1) and (2), where l[n] and h[n] are low (scale) and high (wavelet) pass filter, respectively; i is the index of a subspaces depth and p is the number of subspaces [15]. The wavelet packet coefficients corresponding to the signal x(t) can be obtained from Eq. (3), l (3,0) (3,1)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(3,6) (3,7) h l h l h l h h l h l h l SIGNAL (0,0) (1,0) (1,1) (2,0) (2,1) (2,2) (2,3) Figure 2 Third level wavelet packet decomposition of EEG signal Table 1 gives the frequency bands for each level of WPT decomposition. Figures 3 and 4 show the fifth level wavelet packet decomposition of EEG segments, according to figure 2. We processed 32 WPT coefficients. Therefore, in this study, three statistical parameters: energy feature (En), the measure of Shannon entropy (Ent) and standard deviation (Std) are computed, (4) (5) (6) 3.2 Principal component analysis To make a classifier system more effective, we use principal component analysis (PCA) for dimensionality reduction. The purpose of its implementation is to derive a small number of uncorrelated principal components from a larger set of zero-mean variables, retaining the maximum possible amount of information from the original data. Formally, the most common derivation of PCA is in terms of standardized linear projection, which maximizes the variance in the projected space [18, 19]. For a given p-dimensional data set X, the m principal axes W1,†¦,Wm where 1≠¤ m≠¤ p, are orthogonal axes onto which the retained variance is maximum in the projected space. Generally, W1,†¦,Wm can be given by the m leading eigenvectors of the sample Table1 Frequency band of each wavelet decomposition level. Decomposition level Frequency band (Hz) 1 2 3 4 5 0-86.8; 86.8-173.6 0-43.5; 43.5-86.8; 86.3-130.2 ;130.2-173.6 0-21.75; 21.75-43.5; 43.5-54.375; 54.375-86.3; 86.3-108.05; 108.05-130.2; 130.2 130.2-151.95; 151.95-173.6; 0-10.875; 10.875-21.75; 21.75-32.625; 32.625-43.5; 43.5-54.375; 54.375-65.25; 65.25-76.125; 76.125-87; 87-97.875; 97.875-108.75; 108.75-119.625; 119.625-130.5; 130.5-141.375; 141.375-152.25; 152.25-163.125; 163.125-173.6 0-5.44; 5.44-10.875; 10.875-16.31; 16.31-21.75: 21.75-27.19; 27.19-32.625; 32.625-38.06; 38.06-43.5; 43.5-48.94; 48.94-54.375; 54.375-59.81; 59.81-65.25; 65.25-70.69; 70.69-76.125; 76.125-81.56;81.56-87; 87-92.44; 92.44-97.87; 97.87-103.3; 103.3-108.75; 108.75-114.19; 114.19-119.625; 119.625-125.06; 125.06-130.5; 130.5-135.94; 135.94-141.38; 141.38-146.81; 146.81-152.25; 152.25-157.69; 157.69-163.125; 163.125-168.56; 168.56-173.6 covariance matrix where is the sample mean and N is the number of samples, so that SWi= ÃŽ »iWi, where ÃŽ »i is the ith largest eigenvalue of S. The m principal components of a given observation vector xi are given by the reduced feature vector . 3.3 Linear discriminant analysis Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) projects high-dimensional data onto a low-dimensional space where the data can achieve maximum class separability [19]. The aim of LDA is to create a new variable that is a combination of the original predictors, i.e. the derived features in LDA are linear combinations of the original variables, where the coefficients are from the transformation matrix i.e. LDA utilizes a transformation matrix W, which can maximizes the ratio of the between-class scatter matrix SB to the within-class scatter matrix SW, to transform the original feature vectors into lower dimensional feature space by linear transformation. The linear function y= WTx maximizes the Fisher criterion J(W) [19], where xj(i) represents the jth sample of the ith of total c classes. k is the dimension of the feature space, and  µi is the Figure 3 Fifth level wavelet packet decomposition of healthy EEG signal (set A). Figure 4 Fifth level wavelet packet decomposition of epileptic EEG signal (set E). mean of the ith class. Mi is the number of samples within classes i in total number of classes. where is the mean of the entire data set. As a dimensionality reduction method, LDA has also been adopted in this work. 3.4 SVM classifier In this work, SVM [20] has been employed as a learning algorithm due to its superior classification ability. Let n examples S={xi,yi}i=1n, yià Ã‚ µ{-1,+1}, where xi represent the input vectors, yi is the class label. The decision hyperplane of SVM can be defined as (w, b); where w is a weight vector and b a bias. The optimal hyperplane can be written as, where w0 and b0 denote the optimal values of the weight vector and bias. Then, after training, test vector is classified by decision function, To find the optimum values of w and b, it is required to solve the following optimization problem: subject to where ÃŽ ¾i is the slack variable, C is the user-specified penalty parameter of the error term (C>0), and φ the kernel function [21]. A radial basis function (RBF) kernel defined as, was used, where ÏÆ' is kernel parameter defined by the user. 4. results and discussion Before we give the experimental results and discuss our observations, we present three performance measures used to evaluate the proposed classification method. (i) Sensitivity, represented by the true positive ratio (TPR), is defined as (ii) Specificity, represented by the true negative ratio (TNR), is given by, (iii) and average classification accuracy is defined as, (16) where FP and FN represent false positive and false negative, respectively. All the experiments in this work were undertaken over 100 segments EEG time series of 4096 samples for each class set A and set E. There were two diagnosis classes: Normal person and epileptic patient. To estimate the reliability of the proposed model, we utilize ten-fold cross validation method. The data is split into ten parts such that each part contains approximately the same proportion of class samples as in the classification dataset. Nine parts (i.e. 90%) are used for training the classifier, and the remaining part (i.e. 10%) for testing. This procedure is repeated ten times using a different part for testing in each case. As illustrated in Fig.3 and 4, feature vectors were computed from coefficient of EEG signals. Taking energy as feature vector, figure 5 shows that the features of both normal and epileptic EEG signals are mixed. The proposed analysis using wavelets was carried out using MATLAB R2011b. In literature, there is no common suggestion to select a particular wavelet. Therefore, a very important step before classifying EEG signals is to select an appropriate wavelet for our application. Then, five wavelet functions namely Daubechies, Coiflets, Biorthogonal, Symlets and Discrete Meyer wavelets are examined and compared, in order to evaluate the performance of various types of wavelets. Figure 6 shows accuracy, sensitivity and specificity from different wavelets. We see that the best wavelet giving good correct rate is the Db2, Db4, coif3 and Bior1.1.The choice of the mother wavelet is focused on daubechies where the length of the filter is 2N, while coifflet wavelet filter is 6N and biorthogonal wavelet (2N +2). After EEG signal Db2 wavelet decomposition and dimensionality reduction, results of correct rate classification are showed in Table 2. The classification accuracy varies from the optimum value (100%) to a lowest value (87%). The results using standard deviation are the best results obtained and using entropy is better than using energy in EEG signals classification. In this study, experimental results show that linear discriminant analysis based on wavelet packet decomposition improves classification and the optimum SVM results are obtained by using standard deviation feature computed from wavelet packet coefficient and LDA reduction method. For this proposed scheme, the accuracy of the classification is 100%. This method presents a novel contribution and has not yet been presented in the literature. Figure 7 shows the average rate of classification (accuracy, sensitivity, specificity) obtained with different methods of decomposition (DWT or WPT), two reduction methods (LDA or PCA) and three characteristic features (standard deviation, energy, entropy) using the four best wavelet (Db2, Db4, coif3 and Bior1.1). We see that the combination of LDA with standard deviation have an optimum average accuracy rate of 99.90% and combination of standard deviation with PCA reaches 99.50 %. Table 3 gives a summary of the accuracy results obtained by other studies from the same dataset (set A and set E) using extraction of features from EEG signal and their classification. 5. conclusion In this paper, EEG signals were decomposed into time-frequency representations using discrete wavelet transform, wavelet packet transform and statistical features were Figure 5 Energy feature vector coefficient D3versus D2 (adapted from [22]). Table 3 Epilepsy classification accuracies evaluation obtained in literature from the same data sets Authors Method Accuracy (%) [7] Subasi DWT + Mixture of Expert 94.50 [8] Polat and Gà ¼nes DWT+DFT+ Auto-regres-sive model + Decision Tree 99.32 [9] Subasi and Gursoy DWT+PCA+ LDA+ICA +SVM 98.75(PCA) 100(LDA) 99.5(ICA) [12] Wang, Miao and Xie WPT+ Entropy-hierarchical K-NN classification 99,44 [14] ÃÅ"beylà ¯ Burg autoregressive + LS-SVM 99.56 Our method WPT + Standard deviation+ LDA + SVM 100 computed to represent their distribution. The most suitable mother wavelets for feature extraction and classification were found. The selection of the suitable mother wavelet and using reduction methods lead to the improvement of performance of EEG signal classification. It has been shown by experiments that for the SVM and the combination of the standard deviation with LDA have the highest correct classification rate of 100% in comparison with other techniques. The interest in expert systems for detection and classification of epileptic EEG signal is expected to grow more and more in order to assist and strengthen the neurologist in numerous tasks, especially, to reduce the number of selection for classification performance. These promising results encourage us to continue with more depth our study and to apply it to other databases recorded with other diseases.