Summa Theologica The View On The Acquisition Of Knowledge

In his work, â€Å"Summa Theologica†, Aquinas expresses his unique views on the acquisition of knowledge, and argues against the claims of other philosophers. Aquinas claims that one is born with a blank slate, or lack of knowledge, and obtains knowledge through phantasms, or sensible images, due to the unity of the body and soul. This opinion is generally unlike the views of other traditional philosophers who claim that knowledge is inherent, and Aquinas makes multiple valid arguments against the traditional view. Plato’s epistemological view is that one is born with innate concepts and ideas before they acquire additional knowledge. He argues that when asked a question, an ignorant person will still answer with some portion of truth, despite not having acquired any relevant knowledge. He claims this phenomenon is proof that one is born with innate species which allow one’s soul to understand corporeal ideas (116). Aquinas’ belief that one is born with a blank slate disagrees with this notion, and he responds with a convincing argument against the Platonic view. He points out that if one were to have an innate knowledge of all things, then it would be impossible for them to forget those ideas in the first place. Because of the unity of the body and soul, it is unreasonable that the body would hinder the soul from remembering what it naturally knows, because a natural entity should not be impede a natural occurrence. To further disprove Plato’s theory, Aquinas provid es an exampleShow MoreRelated Truth Evident in the Many Beliefs of Al-Ghazali and Aquinas Essay1805 Words   |  8 Pagesfield of study in which each is used. According to two prominent thinkers of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, Truth is revealed through religion while truth can be reasoned with philosophy. Al-Ghazali and Thomas Aquinas both hold similar, basic views on the subjects of reason and faith that uncover absolute Truth. By way of relating to the practical and functional appeal of the common public, however, Aquinas provides the stronger position of thinking when compared to that of Al-Ghazali. Read MoreEssay on Faith and Reason2144 Words   |  9 Pagesultimately led to his demise, he represented a rational way of acquiring knowledge. After he was sentenced to death, Socrates described his death as an opportunity to continue a life of searching. â€Å"Above all, I shall be able to continue my search into true and false knowledge; as the world, so also in that; I shall find out who is wise, who pretends to be wise, and is not.† This demonstrates Socrates’ belief of what true knowledge was. To Socrates, a person who was truly wise knew that he knew nothingRead MoreSt. Thomas on the Nature of Human Action5620 Words   |  23 PagesINTRODUCTION In moral theory, understanding the concept of human action is significant. While contemporary moral philosophers tend to address these subjects as discrete topics of study, St. Thomas Aquinas’s treatment of them yields a bracing, comprehensive view of the moral life. Though at times it is not necessary for someone to be a trained moralist just to determine whether an act is good or bad, in some cases, this task can be challenging. Essential to identifying a correct moral action is recognizing

All About Light-Physics - 842 Words

Precious Marie T. Torres 7 – JAENA (SPJ) LIGHT * Light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum, the spectrum is the collection of all waves, which include visible light, Microwaves, radio waves ( AM, FM, SW ), X-Rays, and Gamma Rays. * In the late 1600s, important questions were raised, asking if light is made up of particles, or is it waves .? * Sir Isaac Newton, held the theory that light was made up of tiny particles. In 1678, Dutch physicist, Christian Huygens, believed that light was made up of waves vibrating up and down perpendicular to the direction of the light travels, and therefore formulated a way of visualising wave propagation. * This became known as Huygens Principle. Huygens theory was the†¦show more content†¦MODELS * RAY MODEL – The simplest mode of light. * WAVE MODEL – Color is naturally described in terms of wavelength. Required in order to explain the interaction of light with material objects of sizes comparable to or smaller than a wavelength of light. * PARTICLE MODEL – Required in order to explain the interaction of light with individual atoms. At the atomic level, it becomes apparent that the beam of light has a certain graininess to it. SPEED OF LI GHT The speed of light in vacuum, commonly denoted c, is a universal physical constant important in many areas of physics. Its value is 299,792,458 metres per second, a figure that is exact because the length of the metre is defined from this constant and the international standard for time. PROPAGATION OF LIGHT * Light and similar forms of radiation are made up of moving electric and magnetic forces. A simple example of motion similar to these radiation waves can be made by dropping a pebble into a pool of water. * The up-and-down motion is transverse, or at right angles, to the outward motion of the waves. This type of wave motion is called transverse-wave motion. The transverse waves spread out in expanding circles until they reach the edge of the pool. * Light radiates from its source in all directions until it is absorbed or diverted by someShow MoreRelatedThe History of Physics Essay1534 Words   |  7 PagesThe History of Physics In order to attempt to trace the origins of the modern science that we now refer to as â€Å"physics,† we must begin with the origin of the term itself. Taken from the Greek word â€Å"physika† meaning growth or nature, physics most obviously began as the intelligent study of the human environment (Webster 393). From superstition and religious practices, the foundation of all other sciences was born. These concepts have subsequently grown into what we regardRead MorePlank, Einstein and Black Body Radiation1400 Words   |  6 Pages19th century physics was mostly thought to be at an apex. 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Physics is what controls how the atoms that make up everything work with each other to formRead MoreEssay on Physics in Everyday Life1684 Words   |  7 PagesPhysics in Everyday Life 1 Just about everything you do from moving to eating to listening to music involves physics. Now that I have really explored them I think it is hard to go about our day and not do something that involves physics. Some of the things I will talk about are getting out of bed, the eye and how eye glasses help a person see better, speakers, the Frisbee, sailing, and the pulleys I use to get my jeep unstuck in the mud when I ride in the woods. All of theseRead MoreAlbert Einstein Speech Essay998 Words   |  4 PagesThere were a collection of men most of them smoking cigars and talking and laughing and drinking. Joshua sat down at a table next to a table in which two men sat. One man had baggy clothes and was smoking a pipe. He had Brunette hair, brown eyes and about 33 years old. 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International Maritime Organization Free Essays

Structure International Maritime Organization (IMO) is an agency in the United Nations that is responsible for the safety and security of shipping and the prevention of marine pollution. The IMO is broken up into an Assembly, a Council and five other committees: Maritime Safety Committee, Marine Environment Protection Committee, Legal Committee, Technical Co-operation Committee, and the Facilitation Committee. The Assembly is the overseer of the Organization, it consists of member states (countries that have adopted the IMO) and meets once every two years. We will write a custom essay sample on International Maritime Organization or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is also responsible for voting the budget and determining the financial status of the Organization. The Council is elected by the Assembly for a two term period. It consists of ten countries with the largest interest in providing international shipping services, ten countries with the largest interest in international seaborne trade, and twenty countries which have special interests in maritime navigation. Their functions are to co-ordinate the activities of the Committees and receive reports and proposals from the Committees and submit them to the Assembly. They also appoint the Secretary General of the IMO which currently is Koji Sekimizu (Japan) and enter into agreements about their connections with other Organizations. The Maritime Safety Committee’s functions are to consider matter relating to aids of navigation, construction and equipment of vessels, rules of the road, handling of dangerous cargo, maritime safety procedures, marine casualty investigations, and more. The Marine Environment Protection Committee determines any matter that controls the prevention and pollution of ships. It especially makes regulations to ensure their enforcement. The Legal Committee deals with all legal matters within the IMO. The Technical Co-operation Committee considers matters that implement the IMO as the executive Organization in the technical co-operation field. The Facilitation Committee eliminates unnecessary regulations in international shipping, by implementing all aspects of the Convention on Facilitation of International Maritime Traffic. History of the IMO When IMO was adopted in 1948 its first task was to make a new version of SOLAS. The first task was the biggest and so far most important the IMO has had to deal with. After SOLAS, it focused on maritime traffic, load lines, and pollution. Pollution has recently become the major focus of the IMO and in response to the pollution issue created the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships. In 1988 GMDSS was adopted so now a ship in distress anywhere in the world can be guaranteed assistance. The International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping (STCW) improved standards and gave IMO power to check Government actions and record all of this information. Cite: www. imo. org How to cite International Maritime Organization, Essays

Business Report On Dicksmith Holding Ltd - Free Sample Solution

Question: Write a report on"Dicksmith Holding Ltd is one of the major retailers of consumer electronics based in Australia". Answer: Introduction Business description activities Dicksmith Holding Ltd is one of the major retailers of consumer electronics based in Australia. The company aims at assisting its customers to achieve the most from technology at right value. The five strategic growth initiatives by the company has lead to tremendous growth during the year. These strategies resulted in 393 stores in Australia and New Zealand, with a hope to open 15 to 20 stores annually. In 2015 the company opened 13 stores and closed 7 stores, the company shall continue to look after its store base as the performance dictates. The company aims at aims at sustaining the old Dicksmith customers and also targeting the younger demographic. The private label strategy helps the company have diversified market for the products. Also, the online business platform seems to perform well with the help of 210 stores acting as distributors. The retail sales include over 8% of the online sales, which is expected to grow further to 10% in the coming year (Dicksmith, 2015). Further restructuring of the companys support office and Australian supply chain has resulted in a substantial change in cost structure. The company has a brand appeal amongst its customers and the market which sells a huge range of products. Having a cordial link with all the suppliers has also benefitted the company and such benefit shall also continue in the long term. In October 2013 was launched the unique concept of MOVE under which the customers were provided with latest technology with fashion, which has still been running successful. The latest tech from the world's biggest brands has helped the company to achieve and attract a large customer base. With the introduction of the new banner MOVE by Dick Smith, the company commenced its consumer electronics operations at Sydney international airports duty free location in February 2015 (Dicksmith, 2015). In the current year company achieved a significant increase in market share of computers, televisions fitness equipments. Also the company earned market leadership in the fitness category, which has been one of the most growing categories of the current year. Dick Smith aims to continue its quality of performance and customer satisfaction in the coming years, also i ncreased commercial operations, and strong growth opportunities. Significant issues from Directors report The director report contains details of the all important matters events occurred, including the financial performance of the company in current year. It also include data pertaining to meetings, non-compliance, dividends, etc. As per the current report there were held nine of directors meeting, three meetings of remuneration and nomination committee and four meetings of audit and finance committee during the current year. The company is a leading retailer of consumer goods having 393 stores in Australia and New Zealand which generated about $1.32billion revenue in the current year, compared to revenue of $ 1.23 billion in the last year, i.e., an increase of approximately 7.31% was witnessed. The net assets of the company were marked to be $ 169.1 million as compared to $ 166.9 million in the previous year, current assets showed a significant increase of $54.1 million due to increase in inventory levels in the company the current year. The directors continue the dividend policy of company and intent to pay out 60-70 % of the companys net profit after tax. The interim dividend paid during the current year was 7.0 cents and the final dividend declared is 5.0 cents, which amounts to 65% payout ratio. The board has expanded the role of remuneration committee to remuneration and nomination committee in the current year. Earlier the role of nomination committee was played by the board, but due to increased operations a separate committee was required for the performing the functions of the same. The basic functions of the newly formed committee shall be appointment, removal, remuneration of directors and other key managerial persons in the company. The company has also entered into contracts of indemnity, insurance and access with each director, which gives them the right to access the books and records of the company for a period of seven years after the directors ceases to hold his office and also, the company obtained the insurance of the directors for the period of their office and for a period of upto seven years after they cease to hold office (Crane Matten, 2010). All these deeds were entered into by the company taking into consideration the provision of various laws and there provisions. Corporate Governance The principles of corporate governance ensure that DickSmith Holding Ltd operates ethically and adheres to all the regulations. An authorization has been adopted by the company in this regard. The authorization is even termed as the charter that sheds light on the functions of the board, delegation of power, etc. Moreover, the shareholders interest has been provided adequate emphasis by the Board and the principles of corporate governance has provided a strong stability (Dicksmith Corporate Governance, 2015). The annual report has a defined section of corporate governance that describes the conduct of duties of executives, directors and other employees that leads to a strong transparency (Cogan, 2009). The establishment of audit committee strikes that the company adheres to the principles of corporate governance and has set up the mandatory committee. The committee consists of members and maximum are independent members. The corporate governance principles of the company lead to a hi gh level of transparency and even stress on the ethics and moral of the company. The introduction of risk management team is another achievement that indicates the potent of the framework (Goergen, 2012). Ratio Analysis 1. Current ratio The current ratio is mainly concerned with projection of liquidity. From the current ratio it can be ascertained whether the company is in a position to meet the obligations. The ideal ratio should be 2:1 that indicates for every $2 of current liability there will be $1 of current assets (Gibson, 2012). In the case of DickSmith a decline in the current assets has been seen. This is due to increment in the current liabilities. Current ratio 2014 2015 Current asset 335906 389979 Current Liabilities 266807 316527 Current ratio =current asset/ current liabilities 1.258985 1.232056 2. Quick Ratio The quick ratio provides a better answer to the concept of liquidity and hence, a better indicator than the current ratio. It has been noticed that the quick ratio declined marginally and is nowhere near to the base ratio of 1:1 (Gibson, 2012). Hence, there is a liquidity problem for the company and needs to be settled because obligations are more. Quick ratio 2014 2015 Quick Asset 82092 96935 Current liabilities 266807 316527 Quick ratio =quick assets/ current liabilities 0.307683 0.306246 3. Receivables turnover The receivable turnover indicates that the collection of the receivables is done 5 times a year and there is little variation in both the years. However, it is high time for the management to have a strong receivable turnover so that proper rollover of tax can be done. Receivable turnover 2014 2015 Net credit sales 1227604 1319670 Average inventory 253814 273429 Receivable turnover = net credit sales/ average inventory 4.836628 4.826372 4. Inventory Turnover This ratio indicates the number of times the inventory is sold in a year. When it comes to DickSmith it can be said that the inventory turnover is 4 times and without any change in both the years (Williams, 2012). Going by the normal functioning, the company must improve on it to have a better cash collection and smooth flow of inventory. Inventory turnover 2014 2015 cost of goods sold 919602 992828 Average inventory 253814 273429 Inventory turnover ratio = cost of goods sold/average inventory 3.623133 3.631027 Profitability Ratios 5. Profit Margin This ratio indicates the profitability of the company and is a strong indicator while assessment of the company is done. The profit margin has enhanced, however it is on the lower side and DickSmith must try to enhance the margin by raising the revenue (Williams, 2012). Net Profit Margin 2014 2015 Net Profit 19826 37905 Revenue 1227604 1319670 NP Margin =- Net profit/revenue *100 1.615016 2.872309 6. Cash return on sales The cash ratio has shown an advancement indicating the efficiency of the company. But, the ratio is on the lower side. This represents that the EBIT of the company has improved and hence, the management should look forward to better this ratio (Petersen Plenborg, 2012). Cash return on sales 2014 2015 EBIT 28681 53379 Revenue 1227604 1319670 Cash return on sales = EBIT/ revenue 0.023363 0.040449 7. Gross Profit margin This ratio is referred as net profit to sales and represents the sale that is left after cost of goods sold has been met. The GP margin has fallen marginally indicating that the cost of goods sold has not been managed in an efficient manner (Parrino et. al, 2012). GP margin 2014 2015 Gross Profit 308002 326842 Revenue 1227604 1319670 GP margin = gross profit/revenue *100 25.08969 24.76695 8. Expense ratio The expense ratio of DickSmith has declined indicating that the company has a command over sales. An expense ratio indicates the component of sales pertains to individual or group. A lower expense ratio projects higher profitability and a higher one mean lower profitability. Expense ratio 2014 2015 Selling expense 22710 6811 Net sales 1227604 1319670 Expense ratio = selling expense / net sales 1.849945 0.516114 9. Asset turnover ratio The asset turnover ratio projects the manner in which the management has managed the companys assets. A higher ratio is beneficial for the company (Parrino et. al, 2012). However, in the case of Dicksmith the ratio has fallen meaning the assets were not utilized in a proper manner. Asset turnover ratio 2014 2015 Sales 1227604 1319670 Total assets 451171 508521 Asset turnover ratio = sales/ Total assets 2.720928 2.595114 10. Return on Assets This ratio is a projector of the efficiency in which the assets are utilized. The ratio is low for the company indicating that the utilization of the assets could not be done. Return on assets 2014 2015 Net income 19826 37905 Avg total Assets 451171 479846 Return on assets = net income/ Avg total Assets 0.043943 0.078994 11. Return on Equity (ROE) ROE is a great indicator of the way in which the equity has been used to generate returns. The ratio has enhanced thereby projecting a good utilization of the equity component. However, ratio is low for the company (Horngren, 2013). Return on equity 2014 2015 Net income 19826 37905 shareholder equity 166940 169147 Return on equity = net income/ shareholder equity 0.118761 0.224095 12. Earnings per share EPS can be described as the profit component that is provided to the outstanding common stock. When EPS is high it projects a better scenario than a low one (Horngren, 2013). In the case of DickSmith the ratio has fallen and hence, not a good indicator. Earnings per share 2014 2015 0.16 0.08 13. Payout ratio This ratio enables to provide an answer of how much money the company is giving back. It enhanced in the year 2015 that signifies a strong situation (Guerard, 2013). Payout ratio 2014 2015 DPS 0.08 0.08 EPS 0.16 0.08 Payout ratio =DPS/EPS 0.5 1 Gearing ratio 14. Debt to Total Asset ratio Debt to total asset ratio Total Liabilities 3,39,374 0.6674 Total Assets 5,08,521 Debt to total asset ratio is an indicator of financial leverage. It helps us to determine what part of total assets is financed by debt, liabilities, etc. For Dick smith, we see that 66.74% of total assets are financed by outside liabilities, that is, the ratio is less than 1, which indicates that bulk of the assets is funded from equity (Guerard, 2013). This is good for the company as it has low risk and burden to pay back debts. 15. Times interest earned ratio Times interest earned ratio ore popularly known as interest coverage ratio is a tool which helps to calculate the companys ability to pay its debts. Higher the ratio, better it is (Brigs, 2013). Here, in the case of Dick smith we see that the interest coverage ratio is 13.98 times, which shows good financial stability of the company and its ability to pay back its debt. 16. Cash Debt Coverage Ratio The cash debt coverage ratio helps us to determine the solvency of the company. This ratio determines operating cash flow per dollar of total liabilities (Brigs, 2013). For the given company we see that the cash debt coverage ratio is negative 0.013 times, it means that the company has insufficient operating cash flows to pay back its liabilities. But negative ratio not always determines low financial stability. The operating cash flows is affected by various factors that are not under the control of entity. Evidence of Optimism The evidence of optimism can be providing through various report and discussion that are present. As a matter of fact, DickSmith has been hailed as the biggest equity component till date. This can be aptly meet by the condition that a small amount of $10m was transformed into $520m in a couple of year. The concept of private equity can be dealt as an important matter and DickSmith remained a forerunner. The transformation into such a huge number indicates the potent of the company. The company has maintained a smooth and a cordial relationship with the users that indicates the interest of the shareholder are never compromised. It even provides a reflection of the efforts that has been undertaken by the company (Lemke, 2014). Conclusion From the above discussion and the report, it is clear that corporate governance is the need of the hour and is a catalyst for the smooth running of the company. A company can ensure operations when it follows the corporate governance principles. DickSmith attained a strong result and this happened after a year of its listing on the ASX. However, in the current scenario, the ratio do not project a strong condition and therefore, it is not feasible to invest in the company. The company is facing liquidity issues, receivables and inventory turnover needs to be enhanced, profit margin needs to be pushed up. Therefore, the management must find ways to enhance the working and considering this it will be better not to invest in the company currently. It entered in to a receivership because funds were inadequate to meet the situation of the business. In 2015, both the cash and sales were a big flop leading to immense issues. References Brigs, A. (2013).Financial reporting analysis. Mason, Ohio: South-Western. Cogan, D. (2009). Corporate Governance and Climate Change: Making the Connexion, Oxford University Press. Crane, A., Matten, D. (2010). Business Ethics: Managing Corporate Citizenship and Sustainability in the age of globalization. New York: Oxford University press Dicksmith Corporate Governance. (2015). Dicksmith Holdings 2015. Retrieved May 21, 2016, Dicksmith. (2015). Dicksmith profile. Retrieved May 9, 2016, Fernando, A.C. (2009). Corporate Governance Policies and Principles, Oxford University Press Gibson, C. (2012).Financial statement analysis. Mason, Ohio: South-Western. Goergen , M. (2012). International Corporate Governance, Prentice Hall. Guerard, J. (2013).Introduction to financial forecasting in investment analysis. New York, NY: Springer. Horngren, C. (2013)Financial accounting. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W: Pearson Australia Group. Lemke, L. (2014). Regulation of Investment Advisers. Oxford University Press. Lubatkin, M.H. (2007). One more time: What is a realistic theory of corporate governance? Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 28, 59-67 Macey, J. (2008). Corporate Governance: Promises Kept, Promises Broken, California, Columbia and Princeton Parrino, R., Kidwell, D. and Bates, T. (2012). Fundamentals of corporate finance. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Petersen, C., Plenborg, T. (2012).Financial statement analysis. Harlow, England: Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Peterson Drake, P., Fabozzi, F. (2012).Analysis of financial statements. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Williams, J. (2012).Financial accounting. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Lost In The Dark Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Lost In The Dark Essay, Research Paper Lost in the dark I tried everything I knew possible so that my friends would believe I was cool. I was popular, but I neer did anything that considered interrupting the regulations, or the jurisprudence. I was ever home on curfew, and neer had gotten into problem with the jurisprudence. So one twenty-four hours I decided I would. We were all merely sitting around Bobby # 8216 ; s house with nil to make. Bobby is dating my best friend Erin. His house is the lone topographic point where we can really hang out and non be pestered by parental figures. Bobby # 8217 ; s mom truly doesn # 8217 ; t care what we do, or where we go. We were bored out of our heads, and were sick of non holding any money to make anything. In my town you have to hold money in order to make anything exciting. We will write a custom essay sample on Lost In The Dark Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After many hours of contemplating on things to make, Erin really came up with a good thought. Earlier in the hebdomad she had heard Sara and Brooke speaking about a tally down correctional installation. Brooke and Sara are the two misss who study Wicca that go to our high school. They had gone at that place the old weekend and stole some shirts that said # 8220 ; Warwick Correctional Facility, # 8221 ; . They were stating narratives on how some miss was murdered at that place merely a few months prior to our escapade. They explained how if you went at that place at dark clip you could hear people shouting. Sometimes you could even hear a babe weeping. The topographic point wasn # 8217 ; t that far off so we decided to do the 40- 2 minute trip to this topographic point. We had no thought though what we were acquiring ourselves into. I had no thought what I was acquiring myself into. I am so petrified of the dark it is hapless. I have ever had a fright of monsters concealing underneath my bed. Everyone has his or her ain frights, and the dark merely happens to be mine. I was driving my auto, and Will was driving his truck. In my auto there was Greg, Bobby, Erin, Danny and I. In Will # 8217 ; s truck there was Will, Chrissie and their small miss. We were driving down this abandoned soil route with a few dawdlers here and at that place, but other so that there was no 1. The drive itself was reasonably thrilling. Will and Chrissie are friends of Bobby. We hang out with them sometimes when we are truly bored and have nil to make at all. Mostly like tonight. Danny is Bobby # 8217 ; s nephew. But he is the same age as the remainder of us. The people in my auto were all acquiring high, and I being the good small miss I am wasn # 8217 ; t. So as I am driving down this dark, windy, foggy, soil route, with merely trees environing me, I have a clump of adolescents who are higher so the sky, express joying and being offensively loud! All my friends were being out of control and I about hit a cervid. I slammed on the brakes and Will about hit the dorsum of my auto. The male child in my auto thought it would be amusing to trail after the cervid. When cervid see caput visible radiations their organic structures freezing, and good this cervid was frozen in the center of the route. The male childs jumped out of my auto and easy crawl up to the cervid. I shut my visible radiations off and so turned them back on and no 1 was at that place. Not even the cervid. Then I hear shouting coming along my whole auto. I look out my side window and Greg was standing at that place with his face glued to the window. I was so frightened, but after everyone calmed down they got back 3 into my auto, and we all got situated. Will # 8217 ; s truck wouldn # 8217 ; t start. So I had to turn my auto about and jumpstart his truck! Granted we are non even to our finish yet! Thingss are already acquiring out of manus! But we got things traveling and everyone seemed to be calmed down. We started traveling on our small trip once more and so out of the blue, Bobby hollered for me to turn! I was traveling about 35 miles per hour and slammed on my brakes and took the left-hand bend. Will about didn # 8217 ; t do the bend either. As we were driving up the private road to this topographic point with our headlamps off, I sort of got a truly eerie experiencing about the whole thing. Bobby said I had to turn my headlamps off so no 1 would see my auto, even though there was no 1 about. I hid my auto behind the edifice so it was out of sight from any bulls who decided to do a midnight drive, as Bobby had said. The topographic point was truly run down and sort of chilling looking. All I could believe about were those Freddie Cougar films. I kept looking behind me believing some one was traveling to be at that place with a knife ready to knife me. It looked like there were two floors to this topographic point. The 2nd floor was where we saw the first entryway ; it was all boarded up though. Then we saw another door. From what we could state it was the lone manner we were traveling to be able to acquire in. But the gimmick is the door was down like what seemed to be a handicap entryway with a downward incline to it. It seemed like we were traveling to be stoping up in the cellar of this topographic point. Danny went down foremost to the entryway. Then out of the blue a white dove flew up. Danny grabbed a stone and nailed the bird with it ( killing the bird of class ) . In this part of the state we live in, white doves are really rare. You normally 4 Don # 8217 ; t see one unless a individual owns it. It wouldn # 8217 ; Ts have bothered me as much if the bird were a chiropteran. But it wasn # 8217 ; t it was a white dove. Danny grabbed the same stone he had killed the bird with and threw it at the door # 8217 ; s window. We all jumped at the sound. It didn # 8217 ; t sound like a regular window breakage. It sounded different. With a sort or whistling or something to it. It is difficult to depict. But I know it didn # 8217 ; t sound right. Possibly I was merely a small jumpy. He reached his manus in and opened the door. We all easy descended to the entryway and tip toed in the door. It was moist indoors and stop deading. The temperature seemed to drop about 30 grades. I was keeping tightly to Greg by so. I was scared out of my marbless. Besides at the clip I was kind of dating Greg, and it felt good to be keeping on to some one who I knew wouldn # 8217 ; t allow anything go on to me. We started walking around the first room, reflecting our torchs everyplace doing certain nil was traveling to leap out at us. The room was big ; it seemed like a coffeehouse teria of some kinds. I couldn’t see where the kitchen would be though. It was darker so a dark with no Moon though. Tables were strewed about the room, and besides what seemed to be files, and dozenss of paper. You could state childs had come here earlier because spray pigment all over the walls. In a manner it looked like blood the manner your Flash visible radiation would resile off the walls. The odor made rotters seem slightly endearing. The odor had a manner of oozing into your vesture, and looking like it would neer come out once more. My tummy started churning the minute I walked into the door. There were merely two doors in this room. One was the manner we merely came in and the other went into what seemed to be the abysm. We heard the first shriek when we were in the first room. We didn # 8217 ; t cognize what to make. 5 We all looked around, and noticed that Will was losing. We merely figured he neer came in and was sitting in the auto with his small miss. We ventured into the 2nd room, where at that place seemed to be jail cells. The 2nd room was more of a hallway. It was narrow and long. The cells were along the sides of the walls. There were other doors further down. We saw some stepss and figured it might be a small lighter up on a higher floor. We heard what seemed to be like a babe shouting from a different room. That was one of the things Sara and Brooke said we might hear. All of us ran up the stepss. When we reached the top, everyone except Will and the babe were still at that place. We looked about and noticed we were in the life quarters. There were beds every where, 3-foot walls segmenting off what would be a little sleeping room. The beds were strewed about merely like the tabular arraies were downstairs though. All I could believe of was that there was traveling to be person concealing behind the sectioned off mini-rooms. I was afraid it might be a slayer or possibly a homeless individual. We wondered around for a spot, so we heard a female shriek. I reached for Erin, but she wasn # 8217 ; t there. I didn # 8217 ; t cognize what to make. I turned in circles and I saw everyone else except Erin. She was my best friend ; I couldn # 8217 ; t allow anything go on to her. I made up my head that I was traveling to happen her, I looked at Greg, and I ran down the steps. I screamed, and screamed, and screamed as I ran down the steps. I realized I didn # 8217 ; Ts have any light, and started shouting louder and louder. Then I remembered Greg had the torch. I started to shout because I didn # 8217 ; t cognize what to make. I thought I 6 was traveling to hold a bosom onslaught. My thorax seemed to be rushing against a greater force of some kind. My eyes were all blurry because of the cryings streaming down my face, so they didn # 8217 ; Ts have a opportunity to set to the dark. I ran for the entryway door, but I must hold ran the incorrect manner. I had ran down the hallway alternatively of into the first room. I looked about, turning and turning looking for a manner out. What I saw wasn # 8217 ; t what I had expected ; I saw this small green visible radiation in a corner room. I didn # 8217 ; Ts have a hint what it was. I was still shouting because I didn # 8216 ; t cognize what was traveling on. I heard my named being called, but I didn # 8217 ; T know where any one was. I ran towards the green visible radiation and so I saw Will and his babe. From the point that I was at, it seemed like there was blood all over them. The babe was shouting but Will wasn # 8216 ; t traveling. It looked like he was dead. Liing on the floor was a small glow stick next to them. I didn # 8216 ; t cognize what to make. My caput started to acquire all dizzy, and my articulatio genuss where slaming against each other. I was losing my balance and my sense for anything. I too k a measure backwards, towards the door. I brushed against something as I moved though. I looked down and I saw Erin. I saw her long light-haired hair tossed around her faced, and once more what seemed to be blood was all over her besides. I screamed one last clip, fainted and fell against the difficult concrete floor. The visible radiations were so bright I didn # 8217 ; t cognize what was traveling on. I thought I was in Eden or something. But so I saw people with surgical masks on. I started shouting. I didn # 8217 ; t cognize what was traveling on. The last clip I had checked I was in a broken down correctional installation. I thought possibly they decided to turn the visible radiations on and do me one of their patients. I was frozen with daze. My bosom was still traveling at a rapid gait and it felt like it was traveling to leap right out of my 7 thorax. I saw Greg above me, and I reached out to him, recognizing my custodies were tied down. I Don # 8217 ; t think I have of all time screamed so loud in my life. Then I felt a asshole in my arm, and I all of a sudden felt really unusual, and I blacked out once more. Hours subsequently I woke up to physicians environing me, stating my name seeking to acquire me to wake up. I merely laid at that place in a shock. Not cognizing what to make. I stared blankly at everyone. Greg came over and rubbed my cheek stating me everything was all right. I still had no hint what was traveling on. He looked at me with such fright in his eyes. I have neer seen him with a expression like that on his face. It scared me even more. They so told me what happened. My friends had decided to play a small fast one on me. Will and everyone else were non truly dead. It was merely ketchup. It was all merely a game. They had neer intended for me to stop up in the infirmary. That was the last thing they wanted. They merely wanted to frighten me a small. I noticed Greg was shouting. I asked him what else had happened. He so told me that he loved me, and was so frightened that they had killed me. They had driven me to the infirmary because I was unconscious and I had cracked my caput unfastened. They couldn # 8217 ; t state if I was shed blooding or if it was the catsup. He said he put his manus underneath my caput and noticed it was warm. That is when they realized that I truly was hurt. Greg told me that he thinks I scared them, more so they scared me! I ended up with 12 stitches in my caput and a concussion. I guess everyone should 8 have believed me when I told them I was afraid of the dark. But they learned a lesson excessively. What goes about comes around!

8 Types of Parenthetical Phrases

8 Types of Parenthetical Phrases 8 Types of Parenthetical Phrases 8 Types of Parenthetical Phrases By Mark Nichol A parenthetical phrase, sometimes called simply a parenthetical, is one that is not essential to the framing sentence. In the preceding sentence, the phrase â€Å"sometimes called simply a parenthetical† is itself a parenthetical because the segments of the sentence that precede and follow it can be attached to form a complete sentence without it: â€Å"A parenthetical phrase is one that is not essential to the framing sentence.† However, a parenthetical can also begin or end a sentence, and though only these three syntactical variations exist, a parenthetical can be categorized as serving one of eight functions. Here is a roster of the types, with a sentence that demonstrates each one: 1. Absolute phrase: An absolute phrase, which contains at least a noun or a pronoun and a participle but not a true verb, modifies the entire sentence: â€Å"Jane stayed up late, writing her report.† (The phrase may also begin the sentence.) 2. Appositive: In this case, the parenthetical is an appositive, a noun or noun phrase placed in opposition to another such construction that defines or modifies the first: â€Å"If you, an experienced hiker, had trouble, how hard will it be for me?† 3. Aside: An aside is a statement that is subordinated to the sentence, often denoting an ingratiating or apologetic attitude. It might also be placed within parentheses to more clearly identify it as a trivial comment or between em dashes to signal its sudden and/or unexpected impact: â€Å"Her friend, I hesitate to say, has betrayed her.† 4. Free modifier: A free modifier is an unspecialized interruption of additional information: â€Å"I stood up and, brushing off my pants, continued along my way.† 5. Interjection: An interjection imparts information about the writer’s (or speaker’s) state of mind, as in this sentence in which the interjection implies impatience or indignation: â€Å"Well, what do you have to say for yourself? 6. Introductory phrase: This element preceding the main statement provides context for the sentence: â€Å"While I was on vacation, I had an epiphany.† 7. Resumptive modifier: A resumptive modifier includes within its additional detail repetition of an adjective from the sentence: â€Å"She was exhausted, more exhausted than she had ever been before.† 8. Summative modifier: A summative modifier is one that summarizes an idea expressed in the sentence and then adds information about it: â€Å"We headed toward the summit, a goal we had anticipated accomplishing all week.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Synonyms for â€Å"Angry†225 Foreign Phrases to Inspire You90 Verbs Starting with â€Å"Ex-†

Globalisation and Small Medium Enterprises Essay

Globalisation and Small Medium Enterprises - Essay Example executives are required to make frequent visits to foreign markets to meet foreign distributors and to participate in trade missions and trade shows. Global strategic planning is increasingly becoming essential for SMEs. Introduction Globalization as a business concept came to the forefront some twenty years ago. There is much more to globalization than just business conducted through export-import activities and foreign direct investments (FDI). Globalization of enterprises means the set of operations or coordinated actions, which an enterprise may take to make its presence felt in other markets or to benefit from resources originating from other markets. And for the SMEs, with their limited resources, it is one of the toughest choices to make because of the numerous risks inherent in it. A number of SMEs, which are quite prosperous locally, fail to rise in foreign markets.Emerging SMEs in the new economic order in most of the growing market economies as well as in countries in transition are constantly in pressure to cope with the challenges of the opening market economies, especially in wake of the enlargement of the EU. For instance, Austria's inclusion into the EU brought fresh opportunities for the Austrian SMEs, however it brought considerable threats as well, for they come into confrontation with a more complex and dynamic environment. This demands an adapted system of planning and control-tool to secure and strengthen their competencies on part of the marketing-management in SMEs. In recent years, a slew of international strategies for the SME have been analyzed and forwarded by OECD countries, however, there exist a considerable variance regarding the importance and the utilization. Yet, an area, which deserves a fair...They are worried, that there will be an effect of exclusion of SMEs, which will be pushed to the margin of this process to the advantage of better financed and more internationalized giant corporation. In some cases this risk may be a real one." "the majority of our sample enterprises have experienced an evolution in line with the Internationalization Stages Theory, they equally use many other types of inter-enterprise accords (strategic alliances).These more flexible methods insert themselves between the more "popular strategies" within the Internationalization Stages theory (see figure 2). It is plausible to believe that the utilization of accords, as well as alleviating the problem of constraints on resources, which is a frequent problem among SMEs, opens the path towards the adoption of more important strategies as the enterprises commits itself more and more in the foreign market."5 "Often their (that means Entrepreneurs) first attempt at moving outside their local market is to Europeanise their activities. At a European level we are trying to make it easier for them to make that leap forward. It began with the single market process that generated a great deal of excitement at the beginning of the 1990s.

Theology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Theology - Assignment Example Another event that happened to the followers was the formation of prayer fellowships. They gathered to pray each day (chapter 4). It is attributed to the fact that they realized Jesus was not with them, and to practice His teachings, they had to pray for unity. The fellowships brought into existence, the early church. Believers were first called Christians at Antioch (Chapter 11). Another change is that the disciples were persecuted. Peter was arrested on several occasions and put in jail. During his detention, the rest of the disciples prayed and the angel of God released him out of jail (Chapter 12). James, the brother of Andrew, was beheaded (Chapter 12) while Stephen was stoned to death because of their faith in Jesus (Chapter 6). The church grew in size, and the disciples dispersed to all parts of the world to preach the gospel of Christ. All believers underwent baptism and became a part of the congregation. It is the beginning of evangelism and Paul, after his conversion, preached to

GEOGRAPHY 141 PROJECT 2 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

GEOGRAPHY 141 PROJECT 2 - Term Paper Example The article sheds light on environmental degradation occasioned by the deforestation in search of wood fuel or emission from kerosene stoves. The stove developed is partly some of the strategies that Keberenge suggests should be rolled out mostly in rural Kenya to save the environment. Chanji, Tobias. Nema threatens to sue Coast hotels for pollution. 19 February 2013 . 15 April 2013 . Coastal city is a major tourist destination city in Kenya. Nonetheless, the article raises concerns regarding some of the hotels in the city that fail to treat the effluent from their hotels before releasing them to the environment. The article further sounds a warning that if expeditious measures are not taken to address the issue Kenya might lose out on tourists who are the major contributors to the foreign exchange. Njoroge, Karanja. Nairobi sewage chocked by population. 2 December 2012. 4 April 2013 . The article essentially talks about the strain that population growth in Nairobi is having on the i nfrastructure and more so the sewerage system. According to Njoroge, the sewerage system than serves Nairobi metropolis was meant to serve a population of one million in 1961 when it was constructed. Unfortunately, the same system is being used 50 years later to serve a population that is three times more to that of 1961. The impact has been constant bursting of sewerage system causing environmental and health hazards to the city residents. Nyasato, Robert. Experts worried about waste disposal in Kisii. 07 April 2013. 15 April 2013 . The article by Nyasato tackles the red flag raised by Richard Omboga, who is a waste management consultant based in Kisii County, regarding the inappropriate disposal of solid waste in the county. Omboga is worried that if nothing is done to provide appropriate dumping site from household and medical facilities, then the lives of the residents around is endangered. He further asserts that the garbage and other solid wastes are toxic and if allowed to be swept by running water it could harm the communities that utilize the water. Basically, the author raises concerns over unavailability of proper waste dumping site in Kisii County. Nyong'o, Anyang'. Our future lies in rapid urbanisation but we are not planning for it. 14 October 2012. 14 April 2013 . The article covers the strain of resources orchestrated by rapid urbanization. The authors raises concern that the developmental and urbanizations of Kenya is likely to face hurdles as no structures are being put in place to match the developmental agenda. Otieno, Jeckonia. Cement firm dust chokes residents’ lives. 26 February 2013. 15 April 2013 . The article talks about the environmental impacts of a cement manufacturing factory located long Mombasa-Nairobi Highway. Otieno Jeckonia, who is

Tourism Demand and Expenditure

Tourism Demand and Expenditure Panel data analysis has appeared in tourism demand research (Eilat and Einav, 2004; Garin-Munoz, 2007; and Naude and Saayman, 2005). The panel data models that were used in the literature are pooled logit regression, the generalized method of moments (GMM) procedure of Arellano and Bond (1991), generalised least squares (GLS) panel data regressions, and ordinary least square (OLS) panel data regressions (which comprise of fixed and random effects models). Panel data analysis has some advantages over the time series econometric models. It incorporates much richer information from both time series and cross sectional data. This approach also reduces the problem of multicollinearity and provides more degrees of freedom in the model estimation. Therefore, it is suitable for forecasting the demand for tourism when the time series for all variables are shorter, and cross-sectional information on these variable are also available. In spite of its advantages, the panel data approach has rare ly been applied to tourism demand analysis. Four exceptions are found in the post-2000 literature. Ledesma-Rodrà ­guez and Navarro-Ibà ¡nez (2001) used the panel data method to model the demand for Tenerife tourism and established both static and dynamic panel models. In addition, Naudà © and Saayman (2005) and Roget and Gonzà ¡lez (2006) both employed the same panel data approach to examine demand for tourism in 43 African countries and the demand for rural tourism in Galicia, Spain, respectively. Dependent variable Selecting a suit variable for dependent variable in tourism demand model is important. Gang le et al (2006) in a study as: Recent Developments in Econometric Modeling and Forecasting with comparing tourism demand models indicates that Compared to tourism demand studies prior to 1990, the measures of tourism demand have not changed much. Tourist arrivals were still the most common measure in the last decade, followed by the tourist expenditure. In particular, tourist expenditure, in the form of either absolute values or budget shares, is required by the specification of demand system models, such as the linear expenditure system (LES) and the AIDS. Compared with the tourism literature before 1990, recent studies pay more attention to disaggregated tourism markets by travel purpose (for example, Morley 1998; Turner et al 1998; Turner and Witt 2001a). Amongst various market segments, leisure tourism attracted the most research attention. 12 studies focused on this particular tourism mar ket (for example, Ashworth and Johnson 1990; Kulendran and Witt 2003b; Song, Romilly, and Liu 2000; Song, Witt, and Li 2003). Different market segments are associated with different influencing factors and varying decision-making processes. Therefore, studies at disaggregated levels give more precise insights into the features of the particular market segments. As a result, more specific and accurate information can be provided to develop efficient marketing strategies. Explanatory Variables Based on the tourism economic theory the arrival of tourist is an encouraging factor for another person that will be travelling to a certain destination. Therefore whatever the number of tourists arrival in the current year in a certain destination then, may be the tourist would come back to this country next year if they have had a good experience from that particular destination. In the other hand, the information about the destination extends as people share their holiday experiences with relatives and friends; therefore it can decrease the rate of uncertainty for potential visitors to that destination. According to Song, (song et al., 2003) the number of people choosing a certain destination in any year depends on the number of people that chose it in the past years. There are many studies that used the lagged dependent variable to explain the tourism demand. For example habibi(2009), Witt and Martin (1987), Fujii and Mak (1981), Garin-Munoz (2007), Garin-Munoz and Martin Montero (2007). Garin-Munoz (2007) discussed the justifications of including a lagged dependent variable in tourism demand models. Two possible justifications are provided. Firstly, there is less uncertainty associated with holidaying in a country that you are already familiar with, compared with travelling to a previously unvisited foreign country, also tourism is generally risk averse and may feel more comfortable in choosing the same previous destination country. Secondly, knowledge about the destination extends as people talk about their holiday, thus reducing the uncertainty for potential visitors to that destination. Own price: The appropriate form of the price variable is by no means clear. In the case of tourism there are two elements of price: the cost of travel to the destination; and the cost of living for the tourist in the destination. Although the theoretical justification for including transportcost as a demand determinant does not appear to be disputed, many authors exclude this variable from the set of explanatory variables on the grounds of potential multicollinearity problems and lack of data availability. (In fact, multicollinearity need not be a problem; instead, it may be a sign of cointegration, which would suggest the use of error correction models.) In certain studies where econometric forecasting models have been developed for international tourism demand, a specific destination tourists cost of living variable is incorporated in the models. Usually, however, the consumer price index in a country is taken to be a proxy for the cost of tourism in that country. In general, this procedure is adopted on the grounds of lack of more suitable data, e.g. an index defined over the basket of goods purchased by tourists, rather than over the usual typical consumer basket (Kliman, 1981, p.490). (In fact, such indices are now published for certain countries and major towns.) Whichever destination price variable is used, it needs to be adjusted by the rate of exchange in order to transform it into origin country currency. Exchange rates are also sometimes used separately to represent tourists living costs. Although they usually appear in addition to either a specific tourists cost of living variable or a consumer price index proxy, they may be the sole representation of tourists living costs. The usual justification for including an exchange rate variable in international tourism demand functions is that consumers are more aware of exchange rates than destination costs of living for tourists, and hence are driven to use exchange rate as a proxy variable (Gray, 1966; Artus, 1970). However, the use of exchange rate alone can be misleading because even though the exchange rate in a destination may become more favourable, this could be counterbalanced by a relatively high inflation rate. Empirical results evaluating the precise form of the tourists cost of living element of the own price variable which should be included in econometric forecasting models indicate that the exchange-rate-adjusted consumer price index (either alone or together with a separate exchange rate variable) is a reasonable proxy for the cost of tourism, but that exchange rate on its own is not an acceptable proxy (Martin and Witt, 1987). Substitute prices: Economic theory suggests that the prices of substitutes may be important determinants of demand. For example, an increase in holiday prices to substitute destination country may increase demand for holidays to another country. Mostly, those substitution possibilities allowed for in international tourism demand studies are restricted to tourists destination living costs. A common form in which substitute prices enter the demand function is to specify the tourists cost of living variable in the form of the destination value relative to the origin value, thus merely permitting substitution between tourist visits to the foreign destination under consideration and domestic tourism. The usual justification for this form of relative price index is that domestic tourism is the most important substitute for foreign tourism. Other studies incorporate substitute prices in a more sophisticated manner; they allow for the impact of competing foreign destinations by specifying the tourists cost of living variable as destination value relative to a weighted average value calculated for a set of alternative destinations, or by specifying a separate weighted average substitute destination cost variable.Just as tourists living costs in substitute destinations are likely to influence the demand for tourism to a given destination, so travel costs to substitute destinations may also be expected to have an impact. Furthermore, if the data are disaggregated by transport mode, then travel cost to the same destination by alternative transport mode(s) would influence tourism demand to a particular destination by a given transport mode. However, although some theoretical attention has been paid to the notion of substitute travel costs in the literature, they rarely feature in tourism demand functions. If a price variable is specified as own price elative to substitute prices, then the variable is listed generally under both own price and substitute prices in Table 1. The only exceptions are the very restrictive cases where the sole substitute destination price considered is the cost of Although travel costs had been considered in over 50% of the studies reviewed by both Crouch and Lim, in recent studies they did not attract as much attention as before, with only 24 studies including this variable. As precise measurements of travel costs were lacking, especially of the aggregate level, proxies such as airfares between the origin and the destination had to be used. However, only in a few cases did the use of proxies result in significant coefficient estimates. Another reason for insignificant effects of travel costs may be related to all inclusive tours where charter flights are often used, and Hence airfares bear little relation to published scheduled fares. The deterministic trend variable describes a steady change format, which is too restrictive to be realistic and may cause serious multicollinearity problems. With this borne in mind, recent studies have been less keen to include it in model specifications. This variable only appeared in 11 reviewed studies. To capture the effects of one-off events, dummy variables have been commonly used. The two oil crises in the 1970s were shown to have the most significant adverse impacts on international tourism demand, followed by the Gulf War in the early 1990s, and the global economic recession in the mid 1980s. Other regional events and origin/destination-specific affairs have also been taken into account in specific studies. It should be noted that no effort has been made to examine the impact of tourism supply in the tourism demand literature, which means that the problem of identification has been ignored. An implicit assumption of this omission is that the tourism sector concerned is assumed to be sufficiently small and the supply elasticity is infinite. To draw more robust conclusions with regard to demand elasticity analysis, however, this condition needs to be carefully examined in future studies. Ferda Halicioglu, (2004) in a paper as: An ARDL Model of International Tourist Flows to Turkey tries to apply a co-integration technique on the international tourist arrivals to Turkey. This study empirically examines aggregate tourism demand function for Turkey using the time series data for the period 1960-2002. The total tourist arrivals into Turkey are related to world income, relative prices and transportation cost. he employ bounds testing co-integration procedure proposed by Pesaran et al. (2001) to compute the short and long-run elasticitys of income, price, and transportation cost variables. The empirical results indicate that income is the most significant variable in explaining the total tourist arrivals to Turkey and there exists a stable tourism demand function. Maria M. De Mello et al (2005) in a study A flexible general form of a Dynamic Almost Ideal Demand System (DAIDS) is derived to analyze the UK tourism demand for its geographically proximate neighbors France, Spain and Portugal, in the period 1969-1997. The results show that DAIDS is a data coherent and theoretically consistent model, providing evidence of the robustness of this methodology to conduct tourism demand analysis in a temporal context. Moreover, the dynamic model offers statistically strong evidence on the inadequacy of the orthodox static AIDS and the other restricted models to reconcile consistently data and theory within their formulations. Estimates for tourism price and expenditure elasticitys are obtained, permitting a comparative analysis of the relative magnitudes and statistical relevance of long and short run sensitivity of the UK tourism demand to changes in its determinants. Sara A. Proenca (2005) in Demand for Tourism in Portugal: A Panel Data Approach use a panel data techniques to estimate the demand function of tourism in Portugal by considering four main countries as the basic tourism suppliers, Spain, Germany, France and the U.K., responsible for almost 90% of the total tourism inflows in this country. In the demand function she introduces both the demand factors include per capita income, relative prices and the supply factors (public investment ratio, accommodation capacity) to explain tourism performance in Portugal. The result of the estimation the models shows that per capita income is the most important demand determinant and accommodation capacity the most important supply determinant explaining thus the tourism flow in Portugal and also, the accommodation capacity is the most important factor in attracting more tourism to this country. Vani K. Borooah (1999) in the supply of hotel rooms in Queensland, Australia examines the supply decisions of hotel and motel owners with respect to guest rooms. This study employed an econometric analysis of supply responses in the hotel sector in the three Queensland regions of the Gold Coast, Whitsunday, and Cairns. The result shows that the supply of guest rooms, in all three regions, was strongly responsive to increases in earnings (per occupied room) but was less influenced by increases in the room occupancy rate or by changes in the interest rate. But the relative strengths of earnings and occupancy rates in influencing supply responses may have much to do with the aggregation of individual hotels into a single sector. Also, Increases in earnings might be a generalized phenomenon, affecting all hotels, and thus evoking a strong supply response from the hotel sector. In addition, increases in occupancy rates might be restricted to a subset of hotels, which are at the margin of being capacity- constrained, evoking a weaker response from the sector. Gonzalez and Moral (1995), in a study as the international tourism demand in Spain, try to find a precise indicator to measure the external demand of the tourist sector as one of the main problems in analyzing the potentialities is. They use tourists spending as the dependent variable, defined as the product of three factors: the number of tourists, the length of their stay and the daily average spending. Also About this subject Cunha (2001) argues that the number of entrances is not a good approximation to express tourism demand since it ignores one of the most important aspects in this sector: the demand of goods and services that tourists require during their permanence. Mello and Sinclair (2002), alternatively, use the share of tourism spending of the origin country to other destination countries to study tourism demand in the U.K. The authors argue that this variable captures the consumption behavior of the tourists and explains the spending component of this economic activity. It is possible to observe an increase in the tourism inflow accompanied by a reduction in spending explained by higher domestic inflation and shorter length of stay. For this reason the expenditure approach is preferable to the inflows approach to study the demand for tourism behavior from the point of view of the hosting country. Rodriguez and Ibanez (2001) use the number of visitors lodged in the destination country as the dependent variable to study the demand for tourism in a panel data approach. The choice of this variable to express tourism demand (in comparison with the number of tourist entrances) has the advantage to consider the length of the stay and to exclude to urists that are hosted to family or friends houses. According to the literature review, the most appropriate variable to be used as the dependent variable in the demand for tourism equation is tourism receipts from the point of view of the receiving country or tourism spending from the point of view of the supplying country (Tse, 1999; Lathiras and Siriopoulos, 1998). However, according to Crouch and Shaw (1992), almost 70% of the studies that estimated tourism demand functions have used the number of visitors (entrances) as the dependent variable (Quiand Zhand, 1995; Morris, Wilson and Bakalis, 1995; Kulendran, 1996; Akis, 1998). The main reason for this choice has been the unavailability of data on tourism spending. Naude ,W.A. A. Saayman (2004) in a paper about determination of tourism arrivals in Africa use cross-section and panel data for the period 1996 to 2000 to identify the determinants of tourism arrivals in 43 African countries, taking into account the country of origin of tourists. The results suggest that political stability, tourism infrastructure, marketing and information and the level of development in the destination are key determinants of travel to Africa. Typical developed country determinants of tourism demand, such as the level of income in the origin country, the cost of travel and the relative prices, are not that significant in explaining the demand for Africa as a tourism destination. They are recommended that attention should be given to improving the overall stability of the continent and the availability and quantity of tourism infrastructure. ONeil Malcolm (2003) in study about Tourism Maturity and Demand in Jamaica estimates a demand function for Jamaicas tourist product. An error correction model (ECM), structural time model (STM) and an autoregressive moving average (ARIMA) model were employed. The ECM was more robust than the ARIMA and STM models in predicting tourism demand. The ECM and ARIMA models captured the major turning points in the series well and provided reasonably good forecasts. In contrast to the findings of Henry and Longmore (2002), the results indicate that source country income is significant. The explanatory power of the ECM improved with the inclusion of the tourism density ratio, implying that researchers should include inter-action factors in tourism demand models. The empirical analysis indicates that Jamaica has a mature tourism product. The empirical analysis indicates that tourism demand is predominantly explained by income in source country. The absolute price, relative price and exchange ra te have very marginal, and in most cases no significant impact on tourism demand. The finding also suggests that Jamaica is a maturing destination for the USA and UK markets. Of the three models estimated the ECM was the most appropriate in explaining tourism demand. It was found that the inclusion of the tourist density ratio in the regression improved the explanatory power of the model. The unit price of the service was found to be insignificant. Smith, S. L. J. (1995) describes the challenges with describing and defining tourism. Particularly, it focuses on defining tourism as a demand-side concept from the perspective of the person taking the trip or supply-side from the perspective of the business supplying the tourism product or service. On the demand-side tourism can be classified by length of stay, type of expenditure, type of traveler, type of trip, transport mode or accommodation type. On the supply-side, the tourism industry can be classified first by whether the business and secondly by the type of tourism product such as passenger air transport, camping, recreation and entertainment. Empirical Study in Tourism Tax Base on Gooroochurn and Sinclair (2005) study that tourism taxes are welfare-enhancing since the destination country can transfer the tax to foreign tourists. They found that tax on tourism was more efficient and equitable than levying tax on other sectors in country. However, gosling peetersceron and dubois (2005) argue that destinations adopting eco-taxes on tourism may possibly suffer from welfare loss. Similarly, Jensen and Wanhill, (2002) suspect that worldwide increases in both numbers and rates of tourism taxes in recent years are not welfare-enhancing, since governments seem to consider tourism taxes as easy money, giving them license to deviate from economic rationality. The past literature includes a number of studies on the impact of tourism taxes on destinations welfare, often with controversial findings (Bird, 1992;  Clark and Ng, 1993;  Dimanche, 2003;  Forsyth and Dwyer, 2002;  Gago, Labandeira, Picos, and Rodriguez, 2009; Levine, 2003;  Litvin, Crotts, Black well, and Styles, 2006;  Mak, 1988;  Mayor and Tol, 2007;  Palmer and Riera 2003;  Ã‚  Piga, 2003). According to Corey Gerant Mathews, (2004), several sources suggest that reductions or the elimination of tourism marketing have a negative effect on travel to and revenues of the target country, On the other hand, several evidence suggest that tourism tax could support other plans in the destination country; such as: education, transportation, life guarding, zoos, and other programs and services that would also draw additional tourists to the area. Mak and Nishimura (1979) drew a conclusion in which they estimated the influence of a hotel room tax on Hawaiis tourist industry using single equation estimation approaches. They utilized cross section data on individual visitor parties, had collected by Hawaii Visitors Bureau (HBV) in 1974. Like cross section demand studies, that study was detracted from by the difficulty and imprecision in measurement of the prices.A similar conclusion was reached by Bonham, Carl and Byron Gangnes (1996) in Intervention Analysis with Co-integrated Time Series: The Case of the Hawaii Hotel Room Tax. In this article, they analyzed an intervention of a room tax levied by the state of Hawaii in 1987. In that study room tax was found not to have a noticeable statistically significant contribution to room revenues. They analyzed the ex-post effect of the room tax on revenues using a time series econometrics framework. Hailin Qu, Peng Xu, Amy Tan (2004) in a paper as A simultaneous equations model of the hotel room supply and demand in Hong Kong use a system of include demand and supply equations to identify the important factors that influence the hotel room supply and demand, and their overall impact on the Hong Kong hotel industry. In the model of tourism supply they used average hotel room rate as dependent variable. They employed 19 years of time series data in simultaneous equations econometric framework. The result of estimation of model show that the overall goodness-of-fit of both demand and supply models is very high, suggesting high predictive power. More ever, Empirical results indicate that hotel room price and tourist arrivals are significant factors driving the demand for hotel rooms. In addition, 1990-91 recession and the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis had a significant negative impact on the demand for hotel rooms in Hong Kong. At the same time, hotel room quantity demanded, room occupancy rate, last periods room price, labor cost, last periods average price of Grade A private offices, and the Asian financial crisis had a significant impact on room price in the short run. H. Tsai et al,(2006) in Examining the hotel room supply and demand in Las Vegas: A simultaneous equations model try to identify the important factors that influence the hotel room supply and demand, in Las Vegas employing econometric variables in a simultaneous framework during 1992-1999. In the model of tourism supply they used average hotel room rate as dependent variable. The results show that room rate for the current month, the 3-month Treasury bill rate and gaming revenue per room for the 12-month prior are the three determinants of the room supply function, while consumer price index for the current month is the only determinant of the room demand function. This study also employs the 2SLS technique, but tests different econometric variables in the Las Vegas context. At the beginning they modeled the empirical treatment of hotel room revenues employing a variant of the multi-input transfer function methodology developed by Box and Jenkins (Box, Jenkins and Reinsel,1994).They method extends the rudimentary transfer function model to include long term co-integration relationships between room revenues and major explanatory variables. Once an appropriate pre-intervention model has been identified, it is applied to the post-intervention sample. they model appears to provide strong evidence against any significant permanent effect of the room tax on either the level or growth rate of after-tax hotel room revenues and this is not a surprising conclusion. As Bonham et al. (1992) indicated, a rise of 5% in room rates is less than 1.5% of the total cost of a typical Hawaiian vacation. Therefore, noticeable adjustments to room demand are improbable. The tax is invisible to the tourist when planning a Vacation as the tax is added to room bills on checkout. Hawaii was not was not imposing or rising room tax during the period of time. The Undesirable adverse effect of Hawaiis tax on competitiveness would decrease to the extent that taxes were increasing in competing markets. John O. Spengler and Muzaffer Uysal(1989) in a study as: considerations in the hotel taxation process try to analysis the tax on hotel room. This paper is intended to put the notion of hotel taxation into perspective providing a framework of elements which tax experts and hospitality speci9lists deem important. Included tax elements consist of economic considerations, tax incidence, tax progressivity and equity, and tax exportability. These elements are also examined as part of.a process under conditions of inelastic and elastic demand. Finally, a brief discussion of taxation policy implications was provided. Given the importance .of the hotel tax to members of the tourism industry and policy makers, a synthesis of the key variables which influence the taxation process is paramount. This paper has explored these variables individually and in combination.It is hoped that this effort has furthered a better understanding of the hotel taxation process. This understanding, however, should be backed by reliable and relevant research. In specific, research should be conducted which addresses the First, the demand supply elasticitys for visitor destinations should be studied. Findings from this line of study will determine in general whether it is the visitor or the hotelier who bears the greater burden of the tax. This will. Provide answers to the question of tax incidence. Second, research should address questions relating to the income characteristics of visitors, the proportion of business travelers to tourists, and the economic consequences of the tax for tour operators, meeting planners and corporations. These questions concern the concept of tax equity and progressivity. Third, research is suggested regarding the exportability of a hotel tax. Studies addressing the percentage of hoteliers and employees who are local residents, and the percentage of hotel guests who are residents of the local community would be relevant. Last, questions concerning the use of funds derived from the tax must be answered. Resear ch should address whether funds used in the past for promotion and upgrading visitor attractions have increased visitor demand. In addition, the most appropriate and efficient use of funds should be addressed. With sufficient information supplied by research, and adherence to general guidelines in policy formation, legislators will be better able to make just and rational decisions concerning the hotel tax.E. Aguilo! et al. (2005) in a study as The short-term price effect of a tourist tax through a dynamic demand model for the Balearic Islands. The objective of this paper is to identify the markets sensitivity to price changes in travel-related services or groups of services, assuming that one of the main factors that influences travel decisions is the information on the destination that consumers receive. In order to include this effect, the study applies a combination of a diffusion model and a traditional economic utility theory model to tourists visiting the Balearic Islands · (Spain) from the United Kingdom, Germany, France and the Netherlands. The result shows that The effect of the tourist tax on tourism supplies has not been assessed. Richard M. bird (1992) in Taxing Tourism in Developing Countries show that in principle there is a strong economic case in many, countries for taxing tourism more than at present, but that the nature of the industry and administrative difficulties severely limit what can be done in practice. This analysis and a review of the fiscal instruments available to most developing countries suggest three main conclusions: first, more attention should be paid to introducing adequate charging Policies where possible: second, special taxes on hotel accommodation are generally the key to tourist taxation; and third, there is little reason to provide special incentives for investment in the tourist industry. According to Bonham, Carl and Byron Gangnes (1996) in Intervention Analysis with Co integrated Time Series: The Case of the Hawaii Hotel Room Tax. Room taxes are touted by proponents as a way to shift the local. tax burden to non-residents, while the travel industry claims the levies significantly harm their competitiveness. In this study, they analyze the effect on hotel revenues of the Hawaii room tax using time ·series intervention analysis. They specify a time series models of revenue behavior that captures the long-term co-integrating relationships among revenues and important income and relative price variables, as well as · other short-run dynamic influences. They also, estimate the effect on Hawaii hotel room revenues of the 5% Hawaii hotel room tax introduce d. in January 1987. The result show that no evidence of statistically significant tax impacts. · Fujii, Edwin, Mohammed Khaled and James Mak (1985) in a paper as The Exportability of Hotel Occupancy and Other Tourist Taxes attempt to examine the incidence and exportability of an ad valorem hotel room occupancy tax for Hawaii vis-a-vis alternative tourist taxes. The study employs a system approach and times series data (1961-1980. Results indicate that a hotel room tax is readily, though not fully, shifted/exported. It is more readily exported than similar taxes levied on excise/sales tax, since taxes levied on non-lodging expenditures also fall heavily on residents. Results also suggest that taxes imposed on tourist spending have a moderately large negative output effect on the visitor industry. Hiemstra, Stephen J. and Joseph A. Ismail (1992) In their study as Analysis of Room Taxes Levied on the Lodging Industry try to summarize a study of the impacts of room taxes on the lodging industry by (1) reporting the findings of Phase 1I of an overall study assessing the negative impacts on number of rooms rented of room taxes levied on the lodging industry, and (2) applying the price elasticity of market demand found inst~p 1 to the average amounts of room taxes paid, as measured in Phase I of the overall study. The elasticity measurement comes from a statistical model based on data from a national pro

Euthanasia Essay: The Hemlock Society and Assisted Suicide

Hemlock Society, Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide Dori Zook, Hemlock Society public relations director, claims that Hemlock supports legalization of physician- assisted death only in cases of terminal illness. And Hemlock's website asserts that the Society favors physician-assisted suicide strictly for someone "who is already in the dying process." But there is a glaring discrepancy between this official stance and what prominent members of Hemlock have said and done. For example, there is this little gem from Hemlock co-founder Derek Humphry's book, Final Exit: "What can those of us who sympathize with a justified suicide by a handicapped person do to help? When we have statutes on the books permitting lawful physician aid-in-dying for the terminally ill, I believe that along with this reform there will come a more tolerant attitude to the other exceptional cases." Or take the actions of Hemlock leaders in the case of Elizabeth Bouvia. Writing about the Bouvia case, Humphrey expressed Hemlock's support of the right to voluntary euthanasia for "a person terminally ill, or severely handicapped and deteriorating...." Hemlock Quarterly 14 (1984). But Ms Bouvia was not "deteriorating." Cerebral palsy is not degenerative. The open-ended term "deteriorating" can be made to mean almost anything in order to justify a disabled person's suicide. Bouvia's lawyers, led by Richard Scott, another co-founder of Hemlock, distorted the nature of her disability, likening her to a terminal patient. "Were Plaintiff Bouvia an 84-year-old woman whose life was prolonged solely by various tubes and numerous machines," they argued in the Riverside Superior Court, "and she sought to end such an existence, it is doubtf... ...rejudice against people with disabilities, they must publicly denounce Jack Kevorkian's bigotry. The statements and actions noted above are neither stray, nor taken out of context. RTD leaders, time after time, have demonstrated the same willingness to promote this final "solution" to the problems of people with disabilities. Taken together, these words and deeds mark a clear and consistent pattern of promoting assisted suicide for people with disabilities. Why, then do RTD leaders now claim to advocate a narrower application of assisted suicide? Perhaps they tailor their message depending on the immediate political climate and who they think is listening. For the benefit of all of us who are listening, we call on Hemlock, its leaders, and allies to come forward with boldness and honesty to clearly state their complete agenda.

Variable naming rules in Visual Basic, Python, and Java

This paper will describe the variable naming rules of three different programming languages. These three languages are Visual Basic, Python, and Java. Each of these languages has different rules that apply to them and some similarities. I will describe the rules and the similarities and differences in the next few paragraphs.The first language and its rules I will describe is Visual Basic. Visual Basic has a few different rules and they are described on Microsoft’s website in a document. This document is called (â€Å"Visual Basic Naming Rules†) and they read as such: You must use a letter as the first character.You can't use a space, period (.), exclamation mark (!), or the characters @, &, $, # in the name. Name can't exceed 255 characters in length. Generally, you shouldn't use any names that are the same as the functions, statements, and methods in Visual Basic. Visual Basic isn't case-sensitive, but it preserves the capitalization in the statement where the name is declared. These are the variable naming rules are specific to Visual Basic and are essential to know if you program using Visual Basic.The second language I will describe is Python. This language has a few rules of its own and they are described on a site called programmr.com in an article called (â€Å"Python Variable Naming Rules†) and they read as such: Must begin with a letter (a – z, A – B) or underscore (_).  Other characters can be letters, numbers or _ only.  Variable names are Case Sensitive.There are some reserved words which we cannot use as a variable name because Python uses them for other things. These are: and, del, from, not, while, as, elif, global, or, with, assert, else, if, pass, yield, break, except, import, print, break, except, import, print, class, exec, in, raise, class, exec, in, raise, continue, finally, is, return, continue, finally, is, return, def, for, lambda and try. These are the naming rules for Python and are necessary to programming in this specific language.The third and final language I will talk about is Java. This program is no different than the other two languages and its rules are described in an Oracle document called (â€Å"Lesson: Language Basics†) in a sub article called â€Å"Variables† and they read as such: Variable names are case-sensitive. A variable's name can be any legal identifier — an unlimited-length sequence of Unicode letters and digits, beginning with a letter, the dollar sign â€Å"$†, or the underscore character â€Å"_†. The convention, however, is to always begin your variable names with a letter, not â€Å"$† or â€Å"_†. Additionally, the dollar sign character, by convention, is never used at all.You may find some situations where auto-generated names will contain the dollar sign, but your variable names should always avoid using it. A similar convention exists for the underscore character; while it's technically legal t o begin your variable's name with â€Å"_†, this practice is discouraged. White space is not permitted. Subsequent characters may be letters, digits, dollar signs, or underscore characters. Conventions (and common sense) apply to this rule as well.When choosing a name for your variables, use full words instead of cryptic abbreviations. Doing so will make your code easier to read and understand. In many cases it will also make your code self-documenting; fields named cadence, speed, and gear, for example, are much more intuitive than abbreviated versions, such as s, c, and g. Also keep in mind that the name you choose must not be a keyword or reserved word. If the name you choose consists of only one word, spell that word in all lowercase letters. If it consists of more than one word, capitalize the first letter of each subsequent word. The names gearRatio and currentGear are prime examples of this convention.If your variable stores a constant value, such as static final int N UM_GEARS = 6, the convention changes slightly, capitalizing every letter and separating subsequent words with the underscore character. By convention, the underscore character is never used elsewhere. The Java programming language is statically-typed, which means that all variables must first be declared before they can be used.

buy custom Checklist in Management essay

buy custom Checklist in Management essay Effective management is the goal that any organization would like to achieve. It can be achieved through economic development and an increase in profit. Different authors have focused on the topic with the intention of identifying and exploiting different actions that can be taken to ensure that cooperating enterprises is successful. Atul Gawande is a successful surgeon and author who have not been left behind. He has written a book titled The Checklist. It is an important book that is concentrated at diverse basic issues that act as the foundation of effective management in companies, industries and all forms of investments. The paper focuses on the book The Checklist by Atul Gawande with the intention of evaluating the central lessons that the author is teaching. The paper will also define and discuss the learning outcomes, acquired from the book. It is also essential to gauge the power of Atuls book to the future managers. As indicated in the book, many professional individuals, high technological devices, and most expertise persons struggle to achieve the tasks that they are allocated (Atul 80). However, training for a long time and use of most advanced technology does not prevent the occurrence of errors. In the line of management, it is important to realize that prevention of error does not depend on the professionalism, technology or the mode of strategies that the concerned people have studied. The Checklist is a book that explains basic management skills that require the simplest and humblest techniques. The techniques are applicable in any field of specialty, any career and at any level. The use of a checklist requires individuals to use it to confirm the requirements and their obligations. As indicated in the book, the use of a checklist has enabled the prosperity of many high risk projects. Many people take management as a complicated issue that relies on theories, philosophies and certificate s. Nevertheless, Atul has simplified modrn management into a simple rule that is guided with discipline and simplicity. The Checklist is a book that has affected my personal views greatly. Before reading the book, I took management as a complicated career that requires high education, much commitment, clamming of theories and strategies just to mention a few. However, studying the book has changed my views of things and opinions. In the book, the author has used different examples to illustrate, how a number of successful individuals have acquired success through the use of simple and humble techniques. It has been a challenge to me seeing that simple discipline and humble applications can act as the most successful theory of business management (Atul 118). However, the book has motivated and encouraged me, since I have realized that the key factors that cause success in business management are derived from simple rules. The main lesson the author intends to teach his readers is the basic steps that an individual or business enterprise can take in order to be successful. He focuses on different issues but limits his idea on a checklist in every project. As seen in the examples, many people think that their fields are complicated and have tedious procedures that cannot be slimmed into a checklist. Nevertheless, most competent personnel make mistakes. A checklist is an important management tool that prevents individuals from making mistakes while in management procedures. The book has given me significant ideas in my life. One of the most essential is the utilization of a checklist during all my official businesses. As a student in management, I would like to become a successful manager who does not fail in management issues. The book has enabled me to discover that many people fail because of errors and mistakes (Atul 117). Fortunately, the author has equipped his readers with simple solutions to management issues that are based on humble ideas. The use of a checklist in my day-to-day activities enables me to get rid of errors, mistakes and omissions. As Atul indicated in his book, a single mistake that can be caused by forgetting or omitting a single step can cost life or a golden opportunity in business management. I have found it important to follow a checklist in all important issues, in life, to enable me to get used to the practice. As the saying goes, practice brings perfection. Practicing Atuls theory of checklists will enable me to maintain the practice and use it well in my business management career. The goal that I intend to pursue as a result of completing the project is to ensure that I become a successful business manager, who will make sure to use a checklist in all business projects. It is a challenging goal, since becoming a professional business manager requires commitment and studies, research and field exploration. Nevertheless, with determination and self-commitment, I will achieve the goal (Atul 93). Modern management requires different skills and practice theories. The skills and theories require humble time to ensure that an individual covers all the theories, and he is informed to ensure efficiency during practice. It is a hard goal to acquire but with the assistance of my teachers, hard work and commitment I will achieve the goal. Most of the management projects are challenging, tedious, and complicated. As a result, it is a challenging process to come up with a checklist for monitoring the projects. As indicated in The Checklist, management procedures have the st eps that follow one another in chronological order. Therefore, I will take my time to study the processes, programs, and procedures related to my field of specialty to ensure I will not have a hard time to prepare a checklist during my professional practice. Despite all the challenges, there are enough resources that I can utilize to ensure that I acquire competency in the field. The resources can be acquired from different books on business management and other sources, such as an online database. Buy custom Checklist in Management essay